40 Web 2.0 Tools for Geeky Educators and College Students

There are a number of resources that can make it easier for you to get information across to the students and help them share what they have learned. These Web 2.0 tools will help you save your time and stay organized throughout the school year. Here is a list of the top 40 best tools to make life easier once class is in session: Classroom Tools Engrade is a platform that allows you to access your curriculum, grade book, seating chart, and connect with parents from your desktop or mobile device. Animoto is a simple tool that is used to create, customize and share video. Would you like to be able to make a worksheet or a class page and publish it online? Web Poster Wizard is a free tool with all of these capabilities. Check out Teacher Planet for lesson plans, rubics, worksheets, teacher tools, and custom certificates. If youre not sure how to pronounce something correctly, Forvo can provide the correct way to say words in several languages. Online Stopwatch is a web-based tool you can use to time tests and assignments. Crocodoc allows you to convert PDF and Microsoft Office documents to HTML5. You can display students work in your browser and edit as required. Aggregators FeedReader lets you search, subscribe and view all of your feeds in one convenient place online. Download RSSReader and display any Atom or RSS news feed. You also have the option of downloading RSS Publisher to create your own podcasts, blogcasts, vblogs, or photoblogs. . Awasu is a feed reader that is packed full of features for personal and professional information management. Get your news on your desktop with Aggie, a desktop application that downloads and displays it in a webpage. WikiNews allows readers to contribute stories for a global audience. Consider incorporating it into a class for your students. Bookmark Managers Pinterest is like an online bulletin board. Use it for anything from lesson plans to crafts. You can also use it to network with fellow geeky educators. Dont discount Twitter as a tool for managing bookmarks. Not only can it be used as a way to connect with a variety of people, but it can help you and your students keep track of bookmarks when conducting research. Diigo allows users to collect bookmarks, notes, screenshots and pictures and access them from a desktop computer, iPod, iPad, or Android. del.icio.us is a free online tool to save and organize bookmarks. Share it with your students so that they can keep their bookmarks organized, too. Course Management Use Bubbl.us for class discussions. Students can see the ideas their classmates have mentioned and use them to fuel more interesting concepts. StudySync is marketed as the ultimate reading and writing solution. It helps students read at progressively higher levels using multimedia assignments. Use RCampus to build a personal or group website, build a virtual community, and manage your courses. If you want to create, collaborate, and present your ideas with your colleagues, Prezi is just the tool to help you do it. Foreign language teachers will find dotsub to be a very useful tool. It will help you caption and translate a 10-minute video. Productivity If you need to manage multiple tasks, Remember the Milk can help you keep track of it all. Access it from your phone and manage your tasks offline. TiddlyWiki is a reusable, personal web notebook. Create documents and send them by e-mail, store them in Dropbox or store them on a USB thumb drive. Convert files without having to download software with Zamzar. Add 30 Boxes to Googles Blogger or your Facebook page. You can share it with your friends, family members or students who need to keep track of project due dates. While you cant get away from deadlines, HiTasks drag and drop feature makes it easy to keep on top of the stuff you need to get done. Set meetings or reminders onto a calendar based on your schedule. You can also assign tasks to a certain person by name. Content Management Do you have something to say? Start a free blog on the EduBlog platform. Add videos, photos, or podcasts quickly and easily. SchoolNotes allows you to create notes for class information or homework and post them online in just a few seconds. Parents and students can look for your notes by entering the school zip code into this free resource. Would you like to be able to share only a specific portion of a YouTube video with your students? TubeChop allow you to make a snippet for a lecture or classroom use. TeacherTube is your source for video, photo, and audio content. You can search for just the right item by subject, grade level, or how recently it was added. Storage Your favorite three-ring binder lives online at LiveBinders.com. Use this resource to organize your resources and store them in one place. Streamline your lesson plans and collaborate with others using Planboard. Its a free resource that allows you to select the days of the week and number of periods you will be teaching. Geeky educators can get up to 15 GB of storage at 4Shared. Use if for files, video, photos, books, or games. Upload and share photos, flash, audio files, video, and software with HyperFileShare. Anything up to 500 Mbytes can be uploaded, and you also have the option of sharing your files with the HFS community if you wish. Collaboration Edmodo is a lot like Twitter, but it was developed for students and teachers. Share content among classmates or another school district. Skype in the Classroom is available as a free resource to teachers, and it can be used to connect one group of students with learners in another city, state, or country. It can also be used to connect with guest speakers for a project. Web surfing can now be a team sport with Twiddla. Browse through websites on a shared whiteboard in real time. Try it for 30 days for free. LiveText is a paid service that offers a solution for lesson planning and student assessment. Suggest that your students share their notes with each other by posting them with NoteMesh. This free service works by creating a wiki for each class that users are free to contribute to and edit. Consider Vyew for meetings or student projects. The free version is unlimited for up to 10 people. Continuous rooms are saved and always available. This service is compatible with Mac, PC, powerpoints, images, documents, videos, flash files and mp3s. The best part is that no installation is required. There are even more kinds of Web 2.0 tools to help you on the job. With the variety available to choose from, you wont have any difficulty in finding help to stay on track during the school year.

Managing People at Heinz Company

Managing People at Heinz Company Introduction H.J Heinz Company is a well-established firm that operates in the US food industry. The firm has attained global market recognition due to its comprehensive internationalisation strategy. The firm is renowned for its nutritious and delicious convenient food products (Heinz 2015).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Managing People at Heinz Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite its past market success, Heinz is focused on optimising its economic sustainability through formulation and implementation of effective corporate level strategies. One of the corporate level strategies that the firm has integrated in its strategic management entails the formation of merger and acquisition (Market Watch 2015). On 25th March 2015, Heinz announced its ambitious plan to merge with Kraft Foods, a US-based food company. The merger agreement will lead to the establishment of a new entity, which will operate unde r the name â€Å"The Kraft Heinz Company†. Heinz will have control of the new entity (DiChristopher 2015). Heinz shareholders will have a 51% stake in the new entity. The new firm will become the third largest food enterprise in North America. It is expected that the merger will increase the sales revenue of the two firms to $28 billion (Market Watch 2015). Problem statement Over the past decades, a number of merger and acquisition failures have been experienced due to ineffective post-acquisition integration processes (Lakhman 2011). One of the reasons for the failure is the lack of or poor adoption of strategic organisational management practices. The Heinz-Kraft merger is not shielded from failure. Despite this aspect, undertaking the intended merger between the two firms will present a major challenge to Heinz management team due to the complex issues associated with mergers and acquisitions. First, some employees might perceive the merger as a threat to their job. Moreov er, the two firms are characterised by distinct organisational culture, which they have developed over the years.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The lack of or poor management of the existing organisational culture differences can lead to the failure of the merger. This aspect underscores the importance of integrating effective strategic human resource management practices in order to deal with possible culture shock and employee resistance. One of the critical strategic management issues that Heinz management team should consider in its quest to implement the merger is effective people management. Failure to take into account the two issues will increase the risk of failure (Holbeche 2007). Research objective The purpose of this research is to evaluate how H.J Heinz Company can successfully undertake the intended merger with Kraft Foods by appreciating the con cepts of employee involvement and engagement during its merger process. This move will culminate in the attainment of effective post-merger integration. Research question The research study will be based on the following research question. In what ways can Heinz Company adopt people management as one of the strategic management practices in its quest to foster organisational performance? Literature review Culture is one of the fundamental aspects in the existence of organisations (Schmitz 2009). Gill (2002) argues that can lead to a reduction in an organisation’s cost of operation through effective coordination of the employees’ efforts. Consequently, it can translate into attainment of a higher competitive advantage. However, most organisations do not appreciate the importance of culture in the course of implementing diverse change initiatives. A study involving over 100 senior organisational executives engaged in 700 merger and acquisition deals between 1996 and 19 98 revealed that 83% of the MA’s did not attain the desired outcome (KPMG 2000).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Managing People at Heinz Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrary, the MA initiatives led to the destruction of organisational value (Gill 2012). Gill (2002) further argues that the failure emanated from the existence of poor people and cultural management practices. The strong correlation between people and culture management to organisational performance underscores the importance of incorporating effective HRM practices (Holbeche 2007). Vazirani (2012) cites a number of factors that contribute to the failures of mergers and acquisitions. According to Vazirani (2012), imitation of the merger and integration strategy has greatly contributed to MA failure. This aspect underscores the existence of a gap in organisations’ commitment to formulate and adopt unique people manag ement strategies. Moreover, failures in mergers and acquisitions also arise from the adoption of ineffective leadership practices. According to Kiessling and Harvey (2006), most organisations do not adopt a knowledge-based view in their people management practices. Privately held knowledge comprises a fundamental source of an organisation’s competitive advantage. Thus, employees are fundamental intangible organisational resources. However, the capacity to tap into the tacit knowledge held by the employees is only possible if effective employee involvement and engagement strategies are adopted. This goal can be achieved by integrating the cultural orientation model, which is concerned with understanding the individuals’ cultural dimensions (Sparrow 2009).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the extent to which organisational manager understands the employees’ appreciation of the organisational culture is subject to the type of leadership style. According to Cummings and Worley (2014), employee involvement is aimed at increasing the employees’ input in the decision-making process. Employee involvement culminates in the attainment of high organisational performance while at the same time taking into consideration the employees’ wellbeing. Cummings and Worley (2014) further contend that employee involvement increases the employees’ level of motivation and hence their productivity. Thus, ignoring employees during major organisational change initiatives may be counterproductive due to increased resistance to the intended transformation, which in extreme situations might culminate in turnover intentions (Galpin, Whittington Maellaro 2012). Thus, an organisation may experience loss of key talent hence hindering the attainment of the proj ected outcome. In a bid to promote effective employee involvement, organisational managers should integrate the path-goal theory. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2014, p.337), subordinates are ‘motivated by their leader to the extent that the behaviours of that leader influence their expectancies’. Methodology The study will be conducted by integrating the literature survey design. Consequently, the study will obtain data and information on the concept of employee involvement and engagement from credible sources such as peer-reviewed journals, books and reports conducted by credible institutions. However, the study will only evaluate past studies on change initiatives by different organisations. The choice of the aforementioned source of data will ensure that the data obtained is credible hence providing insight to Heinz Company’s management team on how to implement the two concepts in its merger and acquisition process. The data collected will be analysed qua litatively in order gain in-depth understanding of the importance of employee involvement and engagement during merger initiatives. Conclusion Contemporary business organisations are operating in an environment that has progressively become turbulent. Thus, their long-term sustainability depends on the efficacy of their strategic management practices. One of the issues that businesses will continue to face relates to change. The change may be either intentional or unintentional. Irrespective of the nature of change, it is imperative for organisational leaders to integrate effective change management practices. In its quest to undertake the intended merger and acquisition, it is imperative for Heinz Company to adopt effective strategic management practices. One of the areas that the organisations’ management team should focus on entails effective strategic human resource management practices. One of the most pertinent SHRM issues that organisational leaders should take into co nsiderations entails employee involvement and engagement. The study’s findings will provide Heinz Company management team a better understanding of how to undertake employee involvement and engagement in the MA process. Reference List Cummings, T Worley, C 2014, Organisation development and change, Cengage Learning, New York. DiChristopher, T 2015, Buffett’s HJ Heinz to merge with Kraft Foods, cnbc.com/id/102533153 Gill, C 2012, ‘The role of leadership in successful international mergers and acquisition; why Renault-Nissan succeeded and Daimlerchrysler- Mitsubishi failed’, Human Resource Management, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 433-456.a Griffin, R Moorhead, G 2014, Organisational behaviour; managing people and organisations, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason. Heinz: Welcome to our home 2015, heinz.com/our-company.aspx Holbeche, L 2007, Understanding change, Routledge, New York. Kiessling, T Harvey, M 2006, ‘The human resource management issues during an acquisition; the target firm’s top management team and key managers’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1307-1320. KPMG: Unlocking shareholder value; the keys to success 2000, http://people.stern.nyu.edu/adamodar/pdfiles/eqnotes/KPMGMA.pdf Lakhman, C 2011, ‘Post acquisition cultural integration in mergers and acquisitions; a knowledge based approach’, Human Resource Management, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 605-623. Market Watch: H.J Heinz Company and Kraft Foods Group sign definitive merger agreement to form the Kraft Heinz Company 2015, marketwatch.com/story/hj-heinz-company-and-kraft-foods-group-sign-definitive-merger-agreement-to-form-the-kraft-heinz-company-2015-03-25 Schmitz, J 2009, Understanding the cultural orientation approach; an overview of the development and updates to the COA, viewed on culturalorientations.com/SiteData/docs/ArticleUnd/616d3a22b5d5d472/Article%20%20Understanding%20the%20Cultural%20Orientations %20Approach.12.06.2012.pdf Sparrow, P 2009, Handbook of international human resource management; integrating people, process and context, John Wiley, Chichester. Vazirani, N 2012, ‘Mergers and acquisitions performance evaluation; a literature review’, Journal of Management, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 37-42.

International banking assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International banking assignment - Essay Example For this reason, they are often regulated through creation of policies and regulations. Most nations have developed fractional banking systems, which are essential in the regulation of the banking industry (Somashekar 2009, 34). Through this system, banks have various liquid assess, which are equal to part of their current liabilities. In addition to different regulations aimed at ensuring liquidity, banks are often subject to the most minimal capital requirements depending on the internationally set standards that are known as Basel Accords. It has often been said that liquidity is something that be recognized easily that being defined; additionally, it is a highly elusive concept. As far as its barest essentials are concerned, is all about having cash at the moment one needs it. In relation to banks, liquidity can be defined as the ability of a bank to provide funding to the increases in assets in order to achieve various obligations as soon as they arise (Hall 2008, 16). This often has to take place without the banks having to incur any unacceptable losses. Management of liquidity risks aims at ensuring that banks can continue performing their most fundamental roles. It is important to note that while outflows are often identified with certainties, risks are often due to need to achieve indecisive obligations about cash flow. In most cases, they depend on the external events as well as the behavior and actions of various agents. The liquidity aspects of a certain bank are ultimately a function of its confidence. This confidence arises from the counterparties and depositors in the banking institution and its presumed capital adequacy or solvency. A liquidity shortfall in a certain individual institution can often have various repercussions in its broad systems. In this case, the withdrawal of one institution has a multiplier effect, having the ability to spread to other systems, which can bring about various

Stage 2 Of Updating Hometown Deli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stage 2 Of Updating Hometown Deli - Essay Example This paper will attempt to describe how the technology proposed in Stage 1 will be used throughout Hometown Deli to help improve the business into a viable restaurant and local hangout for many more years to come. In Stage 1, the author identified that Hometown Deli was in need of a major improvement since nothing about it has changed since the 1950s. A technological upgrade would allow the store to become more efficient by having information pertaining to customers, recipes, and business accounts stored on computers. It would also, allow the deli to introduce the use of technological services such as Wi-Fi for customers to use while hanging out at the deli. Lastly, it would mean that new ways of advertising would be available, such as using social networks like Facebook or even creating a Hometown Deli blog to gather feedback from its customer base on how the Deli can be improved. Hometown Deli would need to acquire restaurant style point of sale (pos) equipment to help facilitate t he speed and accuracy of improving the restaurant. This equipment would also allow us to keep up with an accurate database of customer information, menus, recipes, inventory, business accounting information, amongst other possible information that could be used. Also, the deli would need to acquire phone lines and an internet connection with a wireless router. The wireless router would serve as the hub for the new Wi-Fi service offered to those hanging out at the Deli. Most of the major components to help with the solution for the integration of the business coming into the 21st Century, technologically speaking, can be found on the web in various packages. The packages that seem to work best come from International Point of Sale.com. From this company you can purchase complete packages consisting of touchscreen monitors, cash drawers, keyboards, the Restaurant Pro Express software, a signature pad, and printers for the receipts among others.

Job Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job Outsourcing - Essay Example However, the opponents of the view that job outsourcing has positive effect on the US economy argue that hiring people outside the US significantly affect the US economy in a negative way as it strips many Americans of jobs (Kehal, 2006). It is in the light of these arguments that this paper will discuss how job outsourcing exactly affect the US economy. Both sides of the debate have valid points. Ching (2009) observes that studies have shown that outsourcing has contributed to the loss of employment opportunities in the US. This has had detrimental effect not only to those who are minimally qualified for employment, but also to those who have the skills because even skilled labor jobs are being outsourced to other countries (Hira and Hira, 2005). Availability of fewer jobs for unskilled and skilled workers due to job outsourcing has dire economic consequences to the US economy, especially in respect to increasing the levels of poverty and reducing tax revenues and consumer spending. Kehal (2006) argues that while job outsourcing may help companies to reduce costs, it may have detrimental effect on the companies in the end. This is because availability of fewer jobs due to outsourcing reduces spending power of the consumers, thereby reducing companies’ revenues (Hira & Hira, 2005). ... This outcome has a direct effect not only on the federal and companies’ spending, but also on the US economy in general. Job outsourcing also helps to lower the wages and this means that companies will be able to do production with less expense, thereby transferring benefits to the consumers (Kehal, 2006). This is the point that the supporters use to dispute arguments that job outsourcing reduces the availability of job opportunities. They argue that lower prices will lead to increased consumer spending, and that companies will be in a position to hire additional workers in the United States because they will be paying fewer wages for workers outside the country (Ching, 2009). It has also been argued that job outsourcing positively affects the US economy as it gives jobs to people in less developed countries, which improves their economies. As a result, the US is able to increase trade and investments with these countries, therefore promoting the US economy (Kehal, 2006). Besi des, job outsourcing increases the ability of the less developed countries to pay back their debts to the US, which not only promotes better political relationship, but also sustainable economic cooperation and improvement (Wood & Maniam, 2009). However, it has been argued that job outsourcing tend to deteriorate the economic and political relationships with the less developed countries. This view is informed by the argument that not all people in the countries where job outsourcing is done benefit economically from the process. Some of the companies have been accused of not providing humane working conditions (Ching, 2009). In some cases, for instance, outsourced work may be performed in inhumane working

First-principles Calculations of Rare Earth Diffusivities

First-principles Calculations of Rare Earth Diffusivities First-principles calculations of rare earth (Y, La and Ce) diffusivities in bcc Fe ABSTRACT: The impurity diffusivities of rare earth elements, Y, La and Ce, in bcc Fe have been investigated by the first-principles calculations within nine-frequency model and semi-empirical corrections for magnetization. The microscopic parameters in the pre-factor and activation energy have been calculated. For the three elements, the solute-vacancy interactions are all attractive, and Y and La solute atoms more favorably bond to the vacancy. The solute-vacancy binding energy can be explained in terms of the combination of the distortion binding energy and the electronic binding energy, and the strain-relief effects accounts for larger portion of the binding energy for Y and La than that for Ce. The diffusion coefficients for Y and La are comparable, and predicted to be larger than that for Fe self-diffusion. Compared with Y and La, Ce shows large migration energy and weak solute-vacancy attractive interaction, which accounts for the lowest diffusivity of this element. Keywords: Diffusion; Rare earth; Bcc Fe; First-principles calculations 1. Introduction In the past years, the addition of rare earth (RE) elements has been regarded promising in steels [1-3]. A series of beneficial research for the development of Rare earth Addition have been focused on the purification and modification of inclusion, since RE elements are characterized by significant negative free energy changes for compound formations. RE doping also improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of steels due to the reactive-element effect (REE) [4,5].In addition, the phase transformations, recrystallization behavior, and the corrosion resistance of steel can be improved by adding RE [6, 7]. Knowledge of all of these is essential to understand the influence of RE additions on the physical, chemical and various properties of steels. In spite of the progress so far in RE application, it is apparent that many questions still remain rather controversial. Data for the effects of rare earths on the surface and interfacial properties, surface tension, contact angle, etc., of steels, are unanswered, for the sake of precise solubilities of rare earths in iron and steels are still not available. Furthermore, accurate thermodynamic data are still unsatisfactory, to accurately predict these characteristics. Kinetic properties, in particular diffusion coefficients for RE, are necessary in understanding the underlying mechanism of RE’s above effects [8]. Therefore, the investigation of the diffusivity for these RE elements is expected to be useful in the context of developing RE steels. Although for diffusion in bcc Fe many data are available, nevertheless there is little experimental or calculated data for RE. For the three commonly used RE elements, Y, La and Ce, only the diffusion coefficient of Y has been reported [9].The purpose of the present work is to investigate the impurity diffusivities of rare earth elements, Y, La and Ce, in bcc Fe by the first-principles calculations within nine-frequency model and semi-empirical corrections for magnetization[10,11], calculate the associated solute-vacancy binding energies, migration energies, pre-factors and activation energies for these impurity diffusivities, as well as the self-diffusion coefficient of Fe, thus discuss the related factors of the diffusion coefficients. 2. Methodology The temperature dependence of diffusion coefficient D is expressed in the Arrhenius form D=D0exp(-Q/kBT). For bcc Fe, the Arrhenius plot of self-diffusion and solute diffusion in iron of the ferromagnetic state deviates downwards from the Arrhenius relationship extrapolated from the paramagnetic state [12]. This effect is attributed to the change of magnetization which affects the diffusion activation energy. The temperature dependent magnetization on the diffusion activation energy is well described by the following form [13]: QF(T)=QP[1+ÃŽ ±s(T)2] (1) where QF(T) and QP are the activation energies in the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic state, respectively; s(T) is the ratio of the magnetization of pure iron at a given temperature T to that at 0K, and has been experimentally measured [14,15]; the constant ÃŽ ± quantifies the extent of the influence of magnetic on activation energy. The measured value of ÃŽ ± for Fe self-diffusion is 0.074, in the case of the solute species investigated in this context that have no measured ÃŽ ± values available, the values can be estimated from a semi-empirical linear relationship with the induced change in local magnetization on Fe atoms in the first and second neighbor shells of a solute atom [16]. The first-principles calculations give direct access to the magnitude of the activation energy in the fully ordered ferromagnetic state (T=0K). Given the values of ÃŽ ± and s(T), we can compute QP through the relation , and QF(T) from Eq. (1). We based the diffusion calculations on the assumption that the mechanism of diffusion is primarily monovacancy mediated. For self-diffusion and solute diffusion on a bcc lattice, the diffusion coefficient can be expressed as following [10,17]: Dself=a2f0Cvw0 (2) Dsolute=a2f2Cvw2(-ΔGb/kBT) (3) where a is the bcc lattice constant, f0=0.727 is the self-diffusion correlation factor, f2 is the correlation factor for solute diffusion which depends on the relative jump rates for a vacancy to different sites neighboring the solute atom. Cv denotes the equilibrium vacancy concentration, can be written as Cv=exp(ΔSf /kB)exp(-ΔHf /kBT), where ΔSf and ΔHf are the vacancy formation enthalpy and entropy, respectively, the harmonic approximation makes these two become temperature-independent constants. and kB is Boltzmann’s constant. w0 and w2 are the vacancy hopping frequencies for Fe and solute atoms to exchange with a nearest-neighbor vacancy, respectively. Based on transition state theory (TST), the vacancy hopping frequency w is written as , where and are the phonon frequencies in the initial state and transition state, and the product in the denominator ignores the unstable mode; ΔHmig is the migration energy, gives the energy difference for the diffus ing atom located at its initial equilibrium lattice position and the saddle-point position. The solute-vacancy binding free energy ΔGb can be expressed as ΔGb =ΔHbTΔSb, where ΔHb and ΔSb are the binding enthalpy and entropy, respectively. The correlation factor f2 can be calculated using the nine-frequency model developed by Le Claire [11] which involves different jump frequencies of vacancies to their first neighbor position in the presence of the solute atoms, as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this model, the interaction of solute-vacancy is assumed up to second neighbor distance. The nine frequencies shown in Fig. 1 correspond to all of the distinct vacancy jumps, including the host Fe atom jump w0 without impurity. The detailed calculation procedures could be found in Ref. [10]. Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the nine-frequency model for the bcc Fe crystalline with a solute atom. The arrows indicate the direction of the vacancy jumps. The numbers in the circle represent the neighboring site of the solute atom. For convenience, we can represent the self- and solute diffusion equations (Eqs.(2) and (3)) in Arrhenius form to obtain the pre-factor and activation energy of diffusion. By combining the above Eqs., the diffusion coefficient for Fe self-diffusion and solute diffusion can be expressed as: (4) For self-diffusion, the pre-factor is, and the activation energy in the fully ordered ferromagnetic state given as . Also, the solute diffusion coefficient can be expressed in an Arrhenius form with the pre-factor is, and. The first-principles calculations presented here are carried out using the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package(VASP) with the projector augmented wave(PAW) method and the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional(GGA-PBE) [18]. The computations performed within a 4à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´4à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´4 supercell including 128 atoms. The binding, vacancy formation and migration energies were calculated with 300eV plane-wave cutoff and 12à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´12à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´12 k-point meshes. All calculations were performed spin polarized, with a ferromagnetic ordering of the Fe moments. The residual atomic forces in the relaxed configurations were lower than 0.01eV/Ã…. The transition states with the saddle point along the minimum energy diffusion path for vacancy migration were determined using nudged elastic band (NEB) method [19] as implemented in VASP. We adopt the harmonic approximation (HA) to consider the contribution of normal phonon frequencies to free en ergy. The normal phonon frequencies were calculated using the direct force-constant approach as implemented in the Alloy Theoretic Automated Toolkit (ATAT) [20] package. Similar cutoff energy, k-point mesh size and supercell size used for the total energies were used for the vibrational calculations. 3. Result and discussion Table 1 illustrates our calculated vacancy formation, migration and binding energies, as well as the constant ÃŽ ± for solute species, the associated activation energies for self- and solute-diffusion in the paramagnetic and fully ordered ferromagnetic state. For pure bcc Fe, the vacancy formation energy and migration energy obtained here are consistent with the reported range of values, ΔHf=2.16-2.23 eV and ΔHmig=0.55-0.64 eV [10,21,22]. For Y impurity in bcc Fe, the calculated vacancy binding energy and activation energy in full ordered ferromagnetic state also compare well with the previous first principles work [9,23], in which ΔHb=-0.73 eV and =2.26 eV. It can be seen that Y and La have smaller activation energy than that for Fe self-diffusion, while Ce is predicted to have a lager value of activation energy than that for Fe self-diffusion, in both the ordered ferromagnetic and paramagnetic state. Table 1 Vacancy formation energy ΔHf , solute-vacancy binding energy ΔHb, migration energy ΔHmig, the ferromagnetic activation energy and the paramagnetic activation energy QP; the variable dependence parameter of activation energy on magnetization ÃŽ ± (the value for Fe is taken from experimental measurements, while the values for Y, La and Ce have been estimated from first-principles calculations). Solute-vacancy binding energy plays a crucial role in understanding solute diffusion kinetics. From Table 1 it can be seen that referring to the nearest-neighbor solute-vacancy pairs, the binding energies are all negative, which implies the solute-vacancy pairs are favorable. Specifically, Y and La impurities are computed to have higher values of solute-vacancy binding energies -0.69 eV and -0.66 eV, respectively, while that for Ce is -0.43 eV. To obtain information on the origin of these attractive behaviors, we decompose the total binding energy into the distortion binding energyand the electronic binding energy as [24] . The distortion binding energy is the energy that can be gained by reducing the distortion in the bcc Fe matrix when a solute atom and a vacancy combine to form a solute-vacancy pair, and can be expressed as: (5) where and can be calculated as follows: after the supercell containing a solute-vacancy pair (or a substitutional atom) has been fully relaxed, the solute-vacancy pair (or the substitutional atom) is removed from the system, then the total energy can be calculated. denotes the total energy of pure bcc Fe supercell, and is the total energy of the supercell containing a vacancy. Then can be calculated from . The calculated energy decomposition for solute-vacancy binding is shown in Table 2. The distortion energies (-0.31 to -0.65 eV) for all solute elements(Y, La and Ce) are negative, and much bigger than their corresponding electronic binding energies (-0.04 to -0.12 eV). This implies that the distortion energy is the major part of the total binding energy, i.e. the strain relief effect contribute significantly to the interaction between the impurity atom and the vacancy, especially for the solute Y and La, which accounted for 94.2% and 97.0% of the total binding energy, respecti vely. Table 2 Decomposition of the total solute-vacancy binding energy into distortion binding energy and electronic binding energy. The correlation factor f2 is related to the probability of the reverse jump of a solute atom to its previous position [25]. Table 3 lists the calculated values of correlation factors for Y, La and Ce at representative temperatures of 850, 1000 and 1150K. The correlation factors for Ce is nearly a constant close to 1, while the Y and La diffusion correlation factors decrease with increasing temperature, corresponding to the weak solute-vacancy binding for Ce and the strong solute-vacancy binding for Y and La. Therefore, the Ce atom is the most difficult to return back to its original position in the temperature range of our investigation. Including the smallest binding energy, highest migration energy and correlation factor, provides an explanation for the low diffusivity of Ce atom. Table 3 Correlation factors (f2) for Y, La and Ce solute-diffusion at representative temperatures of 850, 1000 and 1150K. Table 4 lists the calculated diffusion activation energies and pre-factors for Fe self-diffusion and Y, La and Ce impurity diffusion. For pure bcc Fe, we find our calculated results are in good agreement with the published values. For Y impurity in bcc Fe, the calculated activation energy in full ordered ferromagnetic state also compare well with the previous first principles work, while the pre-factor is as much as two orders of magnitude lager than the reported value. The experimental or calculated diffusion coefficients of La and Ce are not available to the best of our knowledge. Fig. 2 presents a direct comparison between the calculated and published temperature dependent diffusion coefficients for Fe self-diffusion and Y solute diffusion. For Fe self-diffusion, the calculated values are in good agreement with Huang et al. [10] and Nitta et al.[24], but smaller than the measured data of Seeger [25], this discrepancy may be due to the impurity, defects and grain sizes of the testing materials, and instrumental accuracy. For Y solute diffusion, the diffusion coefficient values are higher by a factor of 4-5 than those due to Murali et al. [9], this discrepancy can be attributed to the harmonic vibration and the influence of the bulk magnetization on the activation energy. The temperature dependence of the solute diffusion coefficients for Y, La and Ce in bcc Fe matrix are plotted in Fig. 3, where the Fe self-diffusion coefficient is also included. It can be clearly seen that the diffusion coefficients for Y and La are higher than the self-diffusion in pure bcc Fe, while the diffusion coefficients for Ce are lower than that of Fe self-diffusion, over the entire temperature range below the ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ³ phase transition. For the case of Ce solute diffusivity, the lowest value of diffusion coefficient originates from the largest migration energy and the smallest solute-vacancy binding energy. For the two faster diffusers, Y and Ce, which have the comparable diffusion coefficients, we can observe that the diffusion rate of La is higher than that of Y at temperatures below 930 K, but this relation reverses with temperature rising above 930 K. This is attributed to the effects of the diffusion pre-factors of these two elements. Therefore, the investigation for diffusion should also be based on detailed considerations of the diffusion pre-factor, including the contribution of the correlation factor, rather than the vacancy formation energy and migration energy. The diffusion properties of solute elements (Y, La and Ce) in bcc Fe matrix have been studied using DFT calculations in conjunction with the Le Claire nine-frequency model. Of the three impurities that we investigated, the diffusion coefficients for Y and La are comparable, and predicted to be larger than the Fe self-diffusion. In contrast, the calculated results indicate that Ce diffuse slower than Fe self-diffusion. The slowest diffusion rate of Ce originates from that the solute-vacancy binding energy for this element is lower than that of Y and La, and the former has higher migration energy as well. In the case of Y and La, the small direction deviation between the trends of the diffusion coefficients of these two impurities, mainly comes from the contribution of the diffusion correlation factor. The authors are grateful for the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51101083) and the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (No.2013MS0813). References [1] M.F. Yan, C.S. Zhang, Z. Sun, Appl. Surf. Sci. 289 (2014) 370. [2] W. Hao, W.T. Geng, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 280 (2012) 22. [3] Y.H. Yoo, Y.S. Choi, J.G Kim, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 1123. [4] S.K. Samanta, S.K. Mitra, T.K. Pal, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 430 (2006) 242. [5] R. Thanneeru,S. Patil,S. Deshpande,S. Seal, Acta Mater. 55 (2007) 3457. [6] S.T. Kim, S.H. Jeon, I.S. Lee, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 52(2010) 1897. [7] H.Z. Li, H.T. Liu, Z.Y. Liu, G.D.Wang, Mater. Charact. 103 (2015) 101. [8] D. Simonovic, M.H.F. Sluiter, Phys. Rev. B 79 (2009) 054304. [9] D. Murali, B.K. Panigrahi , M.C. Valsakumar, C.S. Sundar, J. Nucl. Mater. 419 (2011) 208. [10] S.Y. Huang, D.L. Worthington, M. Asta, V. Ozolins, G. Ghosh, P. K. Liaw, Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 1982. [11] A.D. Le Claire, Philos. Mag. 21 (1970) 819. [12] S.Takemoto, H. Nitta, Y. ijima, Y.Yamazaki, Philos. Mag. 87 (2007) 1619. [13] L. Ruch, D.R. Sain, H.L. Yeh, L.A. Girifalco, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 37 (1976) 649. [14] H.H. Potter, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 146 (1934) 362. [15] J. Crangle, G.M. Goodman, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 321 (1971) 477. [16] S. Takemoto, H. Nitta, Y. Iijima, Y. Yamazaki, Philos. Mag. 87 (2007) 1619. [17] M. Mantina, Y. Wang, R. Arroyave, L.Q. Chen, Z.K. Liu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 215901. [18] G. Kresse, J. Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 47 (1993) 558. [19] G. Henkelman, H. Jonsson, J.Chem. Phys. 113 (2000)9978. [20] A. van de Walle,M. Asta,G. Ceder, Calphad 26 (2002) 539. [21] C. Zhang, J. Fu, R.H. Li, P.B. Zhang, J.J. Zhao, C. Dong, J. Nucl. Mater. 455 (2014) 354. [22] H. Ullmaier, Atomic Defects in Metals, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. [23] O.I. Gorbatov, P.A. Korzhavyi, A.V. Ruban, B. Johansson, Yu.N. Gornostyrev, J. Nucl. Mater. 419 (2011) 248. [24] X.S. Kong, X.B. Wu, Y.W. You, C.S. Liu, Q.F. Fang, J.L. Chen, G.N. Luo, Z.G. Wang, Acta Mater. 66 (2014) 172. [25] M. Mantina, Y. Wang, L.Q. Chen, Z.K. Liu, C. Wolverton, Acta Mater. 57 (2009) 4102. [26] H. Nitta, T. Yamamoto, R. Kanno, K. Takasawa, T. Iida, Y. Yamazaki, S. Ogu, Y. Iijima, Acta Mater. 50 (2002) 4117. [27] A. Seeger, Phys. Status Solidi A 167 (1998) 289.

Asian Culture and Healthcare Essay -- Healthcare

Culture is a very important factor to the Asian community. Their whole lives, from their religion, to how they interact with one another, to how they view health care is all dependent on tradition and beliefs. At the third largest majority group, there are almost 12 million Asian or Asian American people living in the United States (Spector, 2009, p 232). Of them, 10.2 million are just Asian, and 1.7 million are Asian mixed with one or more other races. Being Asian refers to having origins to the people from the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. This area uses over 30 different languages and cultures, and has many different religions. One thing that they have in common is their belief in the religion and philosophy, Taoism. Taoism originated in ancient China from a man named Lao-Tzu. Tao has many meanings, including way, path or discourse. Spiritually, it is the way to ultimate reality, or the way of all nature that regulates heavenly and earthly matters. The Chinese believe that the universe is a vast entity, and everything has a definite function. Nothing can exist without the existence of another because everything is linked together, and is kept in harmonious balance. Health is the state of spiritual and physical harmony with nature. When this balance is violated, the result is illness. To remain healthy, those following Taoism believe that they must conform their actions to the â€Å"mobile cycle of the correspondences† (Spector, 2009, p 235). There are two main components to the important idea of traditional Chinese medicine. First is that the human body is regarded as a complete organism that needs to remain in harmony with itself. During sickness, the whole body is regarded, instead of just the affected ... ...r patients with different cultural beliefs, attitudes and health care practices. Knowing a patient's culture can dramatically improve patient compliance, care and earn patient respect. Works Cited Gupta, V. (2010). Impact of culture on healthcare seeking behavior of Asian Indians. Journal Of Cultural Diversity, 17(1), 13-19. Joswick, D. (2012). What acupuncture can treat. Retrieved from https://www.acufinder.com/ Acupuncture+Information/Detail/What+can+acupuncture+treat+ Spector, R. E. (2009). Cultural diversity in health and illness (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Zhao, M., Esposito, N., & Wang, K. (2010). Cultural beliefs and attitudes toward health and health care among Asian-born women in the United States. JOGNN: Journal Of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 39(4), 370-385. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01151.x

Commanding Heights: Battle of Ideas Essay

_The Commanding Heights: The Battle of Ideas_ episode explains the economy’s change in structure between 1914 and 1970, as well as the functioning of the markets and government during that time. John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich von Hayek both had influential roles on the economy in the 20th century due to their opposing arguments regarding aggregate demand and classical liberalism, respectively. Keynes’ â€Å"planned economy† idea and Hayek’s â€Å"market economy† both fought to shape the economy into what they hoped was ideal for modern day society. Between the two, Keynes’ argument seemed to have the most success, especially in times of great need, which is why I found his the most compelling. After World War I, Germany and Austria were forced to pay the costs of the war, which was near impossible for them, until they began to print more money in order to compensate for their lack of funds. Printing more money caused a hyperinflation to occur, where prices skyrocketed and people’s savings decreased in value. By 1929, the market began to crash; banks started closing and millions of people lost all of their money. It was at this time that the government and the economy were in desperate need of a plan that would revive them from this devastating crash. At this point, John Maynard Keynes came in with his theory in an attempt to save the economy from the Great Depression. He wrote a book explaining why the Great Depression occurred and what the government should do to prevent such an economic downfall from ever happening again. As Robert Skidelsky, a British economist, said, â€Å"Concepts we take for granted today, like gross domestic product, the level of unemployment, the rate of inflation, all to do with general features of the economy, were invented by [Keynes]† (Ch.4 Europe, 1931). His idea was that the government should spend money in order to keep full employment, even if it meant bringing about a deficit. In the long run, the increase in spending would benefit the economy overall. Roosevelt, being the President of the United States during this period, used this idea by creating government agencies to give citizens work. As Daniel Yergin, an American author, mentions, â€Å"[Roosevelt and the New Deal] instituted a program of regulating capitalism in a way that had never been done before, in order to protect people from what they saw as the  recklessness of the unfettered market† (Ch.5 Washington, D.C., 1933). Regardless of the effort Friedrich Hayek put in to convince citizens that the government should not be given more control over the economy, the majority followed Keynes’ view. Once World War II hit, numerous job opportunities opened up for the preparation of the war, and the Great Depression was defeated. After the war ended, many countries took to following Keynes theory, resulting in successful economies and in some cases, socialism. Hayek still did not think Keynes’ plan was going to work and wrote a sarcastic novel to disclaim this. The message he was getting across with this book was that â€Å"too much government planning means too much government power, and too much government power over the economy destroys freedom and makes men slaves† (Ch.6 London, 1944). In truth, Germany’s market had diminished and hyperinflation had caused the German currency to become worthless, leaving them in need of a new leader to change their situation. This is when a new director of economic affairs, Ludwig Erhard, was appointed. He had similar views to Hayek, including the belief that price controls were not stopping inflation from occurring, nor were they helping the economy in any way. For this reason, Erhard got rid of price controls, leaving citizens with more freedom, and less desire to make trades in the black market. This is an example of Friedrich von Hayek’s view of how the economy should be run. He thought Keynes’ idea was giving the government too much power over the economy instead of giving that influence to the citizens. Hayek followed the view of a libertarian named Ludwig von Mises who believed â€Å"markets, like people, needed to be free from government meddling† (Ch.3 Vienna, 1919). He thought that the economy would fail because of the control over wages and prices. In the end, Keynes theory prevailed, which is why I find his argument more compelling. With the evidence to back him up, he seemed to be on the right track in terms of how the government should react and how the economy should be run. Many people prospered from his ideas and beliefs. I believe that he made society feel more secure in terms of finances and their overall style of living.

Acheulean Tradition

Acheulean Tradition The Acheulean (sometimes spelled Acheulian) is a stone tool techno-complex that emerged in East Africa during the Lower Paleolithic about 1.76 million years ago (abbreviated mya), and persisted until 300,000-200,000 years ago (300-200 ka), although in some places it continued as recently as 100 ka. The humans who produced the Acheulean stone tool industry were members of the species Homo erectus and H. heidelbergensis. During this period, Homo erectus left Africa through the Levantine Corridor and traveled into Eurasia and eventually Asia and Europe, bringing the technology with them. The Acheulean was preceded by the Oldowan in Africa and parts of Eurasia, and it was followed by the Mousterian Middle Paleolithic in western Eurasia and the Middle Stone Age in Africa. The Acheulean was named after the Acheul site, a Lower Paleolithic site on the Somme River in France. Acheul was discovered in the mid-19th century. Stone Tool Technology The defining artifact for the Acheulean tradition is the Acheulean handaxe, but the toolkit also included other formal and informal tools. Those tools included flakes, flake tools and cores; elongated tools (or bifaces) such as cleavers and picks (sometimes called trihedrals for their triangular cross-sections); and spheroids or bolas, roughly rounded sedimentary limestone rocks used as a percussion tool. Other percussion devices on Acheulean sites are hammerstones and anvils. Acheulean tools demonstrate a significant technological advance over the earlier Oldowan; an advance thought to parallel a cognitive and adaptive increase in brain power. The Acheulean tradition is broadly correlated with the emergence of H. erectus, although the dating for this event is /- 200,000 years, so the association of the evolution of  H. erectus with the Acheulean toolkit is a bit of a controversy. Besides flint-knapping, the Acheulean hominin was cracking nuts, working wood, and butchering carcasses with these tools. She had the ability to purposely create large flakes (10 centimeters [4 inches] in length), and reproduce standard tool shapes. Timing of the Acheulean Pioneer paleontologist Mary Leakey established the Acheuleans position in time at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where she found Acheulean tools stratified above the older Oldowan. Since those discoveries, hundreds of thousands of Acheulean handaxes have been found throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia, spanning several million square kilometers, in multiple ecological regions, and accounting for at least one hundred thousand generations of people. The Acheulean is the oldest and longest-lasting stone tool technology in the worlds history, accounting for more than half of all recorded tool-making. Scholars have identified technological improvements along the way, and although they agree that there were changes and developments during this huge chunk of time, there are no widely-accepted names for the periods of technology change, except in the Levant. Further, since the technology is so wide-spread, local and regional changes occurred differently at different times. Chronology The following is compiled from several different sources: see the bibliography below for further information. 1.76-1.6 mya: Early Acheulean. Sites: Gona (1.6 mya), Kokiselei (1.75), Konso (1.75), FLK West, Koobi Fora, West Turkana, Sterkfontein, Bouri, all in eastern or southern Africa. Tool assemblages are dominated by large picks and thick bifaces/unifaces made on large flake blanks.1.6-1.2 mya: Sterkfontein, Konso Gardula; refinement of handaxe shape begins, advanced shaping of handaxes seen at Konso, Melka Kunture Gombore II by 850 ka.1.5 mya outside Africa: Ubeidiya in the Jordan Rift Valley of Israel, bifacial tools, including picks and handaxes, which account for over 20% of the tools. Additional tools are chopping tools, choppers and flake tools but no cleavers. Raw source material varies by tool: bifacial tools on basalt, chopping tools and flake tools on flint; spheroids in limestone1.5-1.4 in Africa: Peninj, Olduvai, Gadeb Garba. Massive production of large, shaped tools, high-quality raw materials, flake blanks, cleavers1.0 mya-700 ka: known as Large Flake Acheulian in some place s: Gesher Benot Yaaqov (780-660 ka Israel); Atapuerca, Baranc de la Boella (1 mya), Porto Maior, El Sotillo (all in Spain); Ternifine (Morocco). Numerous bifacial tools, handaxes, and cleavers make up the site assemblages; large flakes (exceeding 10 cm in maximal dimension) were used to produce handaxes. Basalt was the  preferred source for cutting materials, and true flake cleavers were the most common tool. 700-250 ka: Late Acheulean: Venosa Notarchirico (700-600 ka, Italy); La Noira (France, 700,000), Caune de lArago (690-90 ka, France), Pakefield (UK 700 ka), Boxgrove (UK, 500 ka). There are hundreds of sites dated to the Late Acheulean with many thousands of handaxes, found in harsh deserts to Mediterranean landscapes, and some of the sites have hundreds or thousands of handaxes. Cleavers are almost absent and large flake production no longer used as a primary technology for handaxes, which are at the end made with early Levallois techniquesMousterian: replaced all LP industries beginning around 250,000, widely associated with Neanderthals and later with the spread of Early Modern Humans. Sources Alperson-Afil, Nira. Scarce but Significant: The Limestone Component of the Acheulean Site of Gesher Benot Yaaqov, Israel. The Nature of Culture, Naama Goren-Inbar, SpringerLink, January 20, 2016. Beyene Y, Katoh S, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Uto K, Sudo M, Kondo M, Hyodo M, Renne PR, Suwa G et al. 2013. The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(5):1584-1591. Corbey R, Jagich A, Vaesen K, and Collard M. 2016. The Acheulean handaxe: More like a birds song than a Beatles tune? Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 25(1):6-19. Diez-Martà ­n F, Snchez Yustos P, Uribelarrea D, Baquedano E, Mark DF, Mabulla A, Fraile C, Duque J, Dà ­az I, Pà ©rez-Gonzlez A et al. 2015. The Origin of The Acheulean: The 1.7 Million-Year-Old Site of FLK West, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Scientific Reports 5:17839. Gallotti R. 2016. The East African origin of the Western European Acheulean technology: Fact or paradigm? Quaternary International 411, Part B:9-24. Gowlett JAJ. 2015. Variability in an early hominin percussive tradition: the Acheulean versus cultural variation in modern chimpanzee artefacts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370(1682). Moncel M-H, Desprià ©e J, Voinchet P, Tissoux H, Moreno D, Bahain J-J, Courcimault G, and Falguà ¨res C. 2013. Early Evidence of Acheulean Settlement in Northwestern Europe - La Noira Site, a 700 000 Year-Old Occupation in the Center of France. PLOS ONE 8(11):e75529. Santonja M, and Pà ©rez-Gonzlez A. 2010. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean industrial complex in the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International 223–224:154-161. Sharon G, and Barsky D. 2016. The emergence of the Acheulian in Europe – A look from the east. Quaternary International 411, Part B:25-33. Torre, Ignacio de la. The Transition to the Acheulean in East Africa: an Assessment of Paradigms and Evidence from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Rafael Mora, Volume 21, Issue 4, May 2, 2013.

Die Geschichte der USA ist eine blutige †Deutsche Abhandlung

Die Geschichte der USA ist eine blutige – Deutsche Abhandlung Free Online Research Papers Die Geschichte der USA ist eine blutige Deutsche Abhandlung „Die Geschichte der USA ist eine blutige, die von Fremdenhass und Và ¶lkermord gekennzeichnet ist.â€Å" In dieser Arbeit mà ¶chte ich mich mit der Frage beschftigen, woher viele der Integrationsprobleme von „Fremdenâ€Å" in den USA in der heutigen Zeit kommen. Warum wurde Và ¶lkermord an den Indianern betrieben? Warum gibt es rassische Diskriminierung? Die Tatsache, dass die Vereinigten Staaten zu einer Nation wurden und heute die strkste Macht der Welt sind, kommt nicht von ungefhr. Die Unterschiede der Menschen die diese Nation zu dem gemacht haben was sie heute ist, waren keineswegs eine Schwche im Verlauf der Nationsbildung, sondern erwiesen sich als ihre grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸te Gemeinsamkeit. All die Menschen, welche nach Amerika kamen, weil sie in ihren Heimatlndern religià ¶s verfolgt wurden, weil sie nach Reichtum und Wohlstand strebten oder einfach nur weil sie Mut zum Abenteuer hatten, all diese Menschen brachten ihre Religion, einen Teil ihrer Kultur und ihre Sitten und Bruche mit in dieses Land. Aber die Historie ist nicht nur glorreich und einzigartig. Auch in ihr lassen sich zweifellos dunkle Flecke im großen Buch der Geschichte nachweisen. Die Indianerkriege, die Sklaverei und der Bà ¼rgerkrieg sind nur einige Beispiele in der noch grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸eren Palette der Grausamkeiten, die es nicht nur in der Geschichte anderer Nati onen, sondern auch in der Geschichte der Vereinigten Staaten gibt. Dass „Fremdeâ€Å" in den USA heute noch diskriminiert werden liegt also in der Geschichte begrà ¼ndet und, besonders im Fall der USA, in der Art und Weise wie diese Nation entstand. Als die erste Kolonie Jamestown, 1607 im heutigem Virginia gegrà ¼ndet wurde, htte niemand ahnen kà ¶nnen, wie sich die Geschichte zwischen den Ureinwohnern und den Kolonisten, und spter den Amerikanern, entwickeln wà ¼rde. Schon im ersten Winter hatten die Kolonisten Probleme und die Hlfte ihrer Leute starben. Den Indianern, die in dieser Gegend ansssig waren hatten sie es zu verdanken, dass sie den ersten Winter à ¼berlebten. Ureinwohner und Kolonisten lebten zusammen in friedlicher Koexistenz. Der Anbau von Tabak verhalf der Kolonie im Verlauf der Zeit zu Wohlstand und Wachstum. Auch mit der Ankunft der Pilgervter mit der „Mayflowerâ€Å" aus England, war die Beziehung zu den Indianern noch nicht belastet. Erst als die Bevà ¶lkerungszahlen explodierten und das Land an der Kà ¼ste weder den notwendigen Raum noch die notwendige Produktivitt ergab, expandierten die Kolonisten ins Landesinnere. Nur zwei Jahre nach der Landung der Pilgervter kam es zur ersten bewaffneten A useinandersetzung zwischen Indianern und Kolonisten. Nach dem „French and Indian Warâ€Å" festigten die Englnder ihre Herrschaft in den Kolonien und der weiteren Expansion stand nichts mehr im Weg. Aber nicht nur das. Gleichzeitig kam den Kolonisten das Bewusstsein ihrer eigenen Strke als sie es geschafft hatten- zwar mit englischer Hilfe- die Franzosen zu vertreiben und die Indianer jenseits der Appalachen zu verbannen. Whrend die Indianer zunchst noch Handel mit den Kolonisten trieben, kam es jetzt nicht mehr darauf an neue Mrkte, sondern neuen Lebensraum zu gewinnen. Die Ureinwohner wurden Stà ¼ck fà ¼r Stà ¼ck zurà ¼ckgedrngt, ihr Land wurde geraubt und ihre Lebensgrundlage wurde ihnen genommen. Hier liegt auch schon der Ursprung des Konflikts den ich als „kontinentalen Imperialismusâ€Å" bezeichnen mà ¶chte. ÃÅ"berall dort wo eine wachsende Bevà ¶lkerung aus territorialem Mangel gezwungen wird zu expandieren und das Gebiet schon durch andere Menschen bevà ƒ ¶lkert ist, kommt es zu einem bewaffneten Konflikt. Als der Unmut à ¼ber die englischen Steuern und die Bevormundung durch das Mutterland zu groß wurde, kam es schließlich zum Unabhngigkeitskrieg, der durch die Trennung der Kolonien von England, der Unabhngigkeitserklrung und dem Frieden von Paris beendet wurde. Nun hatten es die Indianer nicht mehr nur mit Kolonisten zu tun, sie mussten sich nunmehr gegen eine ganze Nation als direkten Nachbar verteidigen. Durch die Verfassung wurde das schon vorhandene Nationalgefà ¼hl der Amerikaner noch verstrkt und es wurden ihnen umfangreiche Rechte, wie der Schutz des Eigentums und das Recht auf Waffenbesitz gegeben. Aber als die Verfassung unterzeichnet war, waren weder Demokratie noch die nationale Einheit vollendet. Die Bevà ¶lkerungszahlen nahmen bis 1860 um 700% zu. Schon in dieser Zeit waren die Methoden mir denen bestimmte Ziele realisiert werden sollten nicht ganz einwandfrei. Ein Stolperstein und Streitpunkt, der die Willkà ¼r der amerikanischen Expansion zeigt, ist z.b. der Kauf Louisianas von Frankreich, mit dem die USA ihr bisheriges Territorium verdoppelten. Wie kann man etwas von jemandem kaufen worauf dieser Jemand gar kein Recht hat? Wie kann man ein Gebiet kaufen ohne den ursprà ¼nglichen Eigentà ¼mer zu fragen ob jener es verkaufen will? Die meisten Probleme, die viele Lnder der Welt heute zwischen Mehr- und Minderheiten haben, sind doch auf den Kolonialismus zurà ¼ck zu fà ¼hren. Niemand hat die Ureinwohner Amerikas gefragt ob man sich dort ansiedeln darf. In meinen Augen ist das, was damals geschah, Unrecht. Das endgà ¼ltige Aus der Geschichte der Indianer begann wieder mit zwei Willkà ¼raktionen der USA. Zwei Mythen, die lediglich die Rechtfertigung fà ¼r die Vertreibung und den Massenmord an einer Million Indianern waren. Da sich die „frontierâ€Å" immer weiter nach Westen verschob, um immer mehr Siedlungsraum zu gewinnen, mussten die wirtschaftlich, militrisch und zahlenmßig unterlegenen Indianer immer weiter zurà ¼ckweichen. Mit dem „manifest destinyâ€Å" wurden nicht nur die Indianer vertrieben und ermordet, es legitimierte auch die gewaltsame Annexion weiter Teile Mexikos. Die Flucht amerikanischer Ureinwohner gipfelte 1838 im „Zug der Trnenâ€Å", der viele Stmme dazu zwang, aus dem Sà ¼d- Osten, hinter die Mississippi umzusiedeln. Die USA, die von Gott auserkoren war, ihren Teile der Welt auf ihre Art und Weise zu zivilisieren, war mit diesem Và ¶lkermord der Ureinwohner und Massentà ¶tung der Bà ¼ffel, um den Indianern die Lebensgrundlage zu nehmen, der Vorreiter fà ¼r hnliche und schlimmere Grueltaten des 20. Jahrhunderts. „Die Indianer mà ¼ssen sich in die Lebensweise der Weißen einfà ¼gen. Friedlich, wenn sie es wollen, gewaltsam, wenn es sein muss. Sie mà ¼ssen ihre Lebensweise unserer Zivilisation anpassen. Vielleicht ist diese Zivilisation nicht die bestmà ¶gliche, aber sie ist die beste, die die Indianer bekommen kà ¶nnen.â€Å"1 ÃÅ"berschtzung der eigenen Werte und Wichtigkeit und Ablehnung anderer Traditionen, Sprachen und Kultur nennt man à ¼bersteigerten Nationalismus. Eine Folge des Denkens der eigenen Einzigartigkeit, des „manifest destinyâ€Å" und des Glaubens der Auserwhlung von Gott. Die Vertreibung der Indianer ist eine Geschichte, die mit Blut geschrieben wurde. In mehr als 30 Indianerkriegen wurde ihre Zahl von à ¼ber einer Million auf 200000 reduziert. Es wurden 371 Vertrge abgeschlossen und wieder gebrochen um die Gier nach Land der weißen Siedler zu stillen. Immer mehr wurden die Indianer in wirtschaftlich kaum nutzbare Reservate gedrngt, die im Vergleich zur Flche der USA winzig waren und unter 10% nutzbares Ackerland enthielten. Chief Joseph(Nez Perce) sagte einmal treffend: „Ihr kà ¶nnt genauso gut erwarten, dass die Flà ¼sse rà ¼ckwrts fließen, als daß ein Mensch, der frei geboren wurde, damit zufrieden ist, eingefercht zu leben, ohne die Freiheit, zu gehen, wohin er beliebt.â€Å"2 Dass die Indianer vorher misshandelt und unterdrà ¼ckt wurden, weil sie keine Staatsbà ¼rger waren, war zwar menschenrechtlich verwerflich aber nicht ungesetzlich. Bis 1849 galten die Indianer als unzivilisiert und rà ¼ckstndig und erlangten erst 1924 das volle Bà ¼rgerrecht. Sptestens jetzt htten sie praktisch die selben Rechte gehabt wie jeder andere Amerikaner- dem war aber nicht so. Die Gleichberechtigung dieser Minderheit war noch lange nicht bewerkstelligt und ist es bis heute nicht. Bis dato leben die meisten Indianer in Armut und sind im à ¶ffentlichen Leben benachteiligt. Ihre Situation heute ist vergleichbar mit der Situation der meisten Menschen in der Dritten Welt. Armut, schlechte Bildungsmà ¶glichkeiten, und hohe Arbeitslosigkeit prgen den Alltag. Hinzu kommt, dass selbst diese unbrauchbaren Reservate als Rohstoffquelle fà ¼r die Industrie genutzt werden sollen. Auf einem heiligen Berg wird, mit Unterstà ¼tzung der Regierung, vom deutschen Max- Planck- Institut und dem Vatikan ein Teleskop errichtet. Ein heiliger Friedhof wird zerstà ¶rt, weil der benachbarte Golfplatz zu klein ist. Die Liste der Enteignungen und Verbrechen gegen die Wà ¼rde der Indianer ist lang. Die Ureinwohner bekommen Geld dafà ¼r, dass die Regierung ihren Giftmà ¼ll dort deponieren darf. Mitunter kommt es auch zu sehr harten ÃÅ"bergriffen staatlicher Behà ¶rden(FBI, Polizei, Regierung, etc.). Als 1934 Prsident Roosevelt eine humanere Indianerpolitik annahm, war ein weiterer wichtiger Schritt in Richtung Gleichberechtigung der Bevà ¶lkerung der Ureinwohner getan. Trotzdem gibt es in den Reservaten der Indianer heute eine sehr hohe Arbeitslosenquote, die Kriminalitt ist hoch und ihre politische Bedeutung gleich null. Dennoch schafften es einige Klger unter ihnen, von den Bundesstaaten finanzielle Entschdigung zu erwirken. Ich glaube, dass bis in die jà ¼ngste Vergangenheit eine Art Sieger- Besiegte- Mentalitt herrscht. In meinen Augen sind die Reservate nichts weiter als bessere Ghettos gewesen. Ich mà ¶chte sie deshalb aber nicht mit denen Hitlers vergleichen. Es sind aber gewisse Parallelen vorhanden. Man wollte die indianische Bevà ¶lkerung isolieren und tut es immer noch. Gleichberechtigung heute wà ¼rde bedeuten, die Reservate aufzuheben und sie fà ¼r à ¼berflà ¼ssig zu erklren. Die Wichtigkeit mit der die US- Regierung die Indianerfrage, vor allem im 19. Jahrhundert behandelte, zeigte doch nur, dass man Angst vor den Indianern, ihrer Kultur und ihren Ansichten hatte. Heute werden sie kaum beachtet. In dieser Hinsicht hat die einfache, leichte und hasserfà ¼llte Politik der USA mehr Probleme geschaffen als sie gelà ¶st hat. Ähnlich wie die Indianerpolitik, hat auch die Behandlung von Schwarzen in den USA Probleme hervorgerufen, die sich bis in die Gegenwart manifestieren. Als 1619 das erste Schiff mit 19 Sklaven von Niederlndern nach Amerika gebracht wurde konnte, wie auch schon bei den Indianern, niemand wissen, dass sich daraus ein so ernstes gesellschaftspolitisches Problem entstehen wà ¼rde. Durch die Dreiecksfahrten Englands kamen innerhalb kà ¼rzester Zeit große Mengen Sklaven von der afrikanischen Ostkà ¼ste nach Amerika. Sie wurden eingesetzt um auf den großen Plantagen der Sà ¼dstaaten harte kà ¶rperliche Arbeit zu verrichten, die sonst kein weißer Arbeiter à ¼bernommen htte. Zwischen 1526 und 1870 wurden circa 10 Millionen Sklaven nach Amerika verschleppt. Die Sklaven waren in der USA aber ungleich verteilt. Die Sà ¼dstaaten, basierend auf Plantagenwirtschaft und Hegemonie, beschftigten fast 75% aller Sklaven in den USA. Obwohl die Einfuhr von Sklaven laut Gesetz seit 1808 verboten war und 1823 die erste Anti- Slavery- Company gegrà ¼ndet wurde, hielt das die Plantagenbesitzer nicht davon ab weiteren menschlichen Nachschub zu organisieren. Der Kongress trug in diesen Jahren auch noch zur Festigung der Stellung der Sklavenhalter bei indem er 1820 im „Missouri- Kompromissâ€Å" ein numerisches Gleichgewicht zwischen den Nordstaaten und den Sà ¼dstaaten schafft. 1850 wird der Fortbestand der Sklaverei durch den Kongress sogar noch besttigt. Erst als die neugegrà ¼ndeten Republikaner gegen die Sklaverei eintraten, eskaliert der Konflikt. Der von 1861 bis 1865 andauernde Bà ¼rgerkrieg beendet im Ergebnis die Sklaverei in den USA, gab den Schwarzen das Wahlrecht und den 13. Zusatz zur Verfassung. Dies bedeutete aber nicht automatisch, dass eine komplette Gleichberechtigung auch stattfand. 1877 wurden rasch wieder Gesetze erlassen, die den schwarzen Teil der Bevà ¶lkerung unterdrà ¼ckten und ihnen das Wahlrecht wieder nahmen. Der Oberste Gericht shof entschied spter sogar, dass die Rassentrennung nicht verfassungswidrig sei. Der Richtspruch lautete: „Seperate but equal.â€Å" Als 1890 die sogenannten „Jim- Crow- Lawsâ€Å" erlassen wurden, fand eine Diskriminierung fast schon wieder statt. Trennung in Schulen, Bussen und Toiletten waren an der Tagesordnung. Im darauffolgenden Jahrhundert, setzte sich die USA à ¼berall auf der Welt fà ¼r mehr Demokratie und die Menschenrechte ein. Ein krasser Wiederspruch, da im eigenen Land die Menschenrechte der Schwarzen verletzt wurden, die USA aber von anderen verlangt das zu achten was sie selbst nicht schà ¼tzen. Hier wird wieder die Rolle der USA als „Gendarmâ€Å" der Welt deutlich. Da man der Meinung war die perfekte Gesellschaft zu besitzen und von Gott auserwhlt worden zu sein das tugendhafteste Volk der Welt zu sein, zeigte man mit einem Finger auf andere whrend man den eigenen hinter dem Rà ¼cken verschrnkte. Die Tatsache, dass auch hier eine inneramerikanische Isolation stattfand, macht es nicht leichter die Grà ¼nde dafà ¼r zu finden. Damals wie heute sind Schwarze, nicht minder als Indianer, nicht vollstndig im Land der (un)begrenzten Mà ¶glichkeiten integriert. Man toleriert sie, à ¼berlsst sie aber grà ¶ÃƒÅ¸tenteils ihren Problemen. Wie sonst, wenn nicht mit Benachteili gung ist es zu erklren, dass Afroamerikaner, obwohl sie nur 17% der Gesamtpopulation der USA ausmachen, dennoch 50% der Gefngnisinsassen darstellen? Dass eine farbige Familie vor fà ¼nf Jahren nur die Hlfte des Einkommens einer weißen Familie besaß? Warum werden Misshandlungen Schwarzer durch weiße Polizisten, wie 1992 im Fall von Rodney King, nicht bestraft? An diesen Tatsachen nderte auch die „Civil Rights Movementâ€Å" nicht viel. Als Martin Luther King 1955 die Bà ¼rgerrechtsbewegung grà ¼ndete und 1963 à ¼ber eine halbe Millionen Menschen nach Washington pilgerten um seine Rede mit dem einprgsamen Titel „I have a dreamâ€Å" zu hà ¶ren und gegen die Diskriminierung zu protestieren, fanden die Schwarzen endlich Gehà ¶r. Auf diese Art und Weise verschaffte sich die schwarze Bevà ¶lkerung endlich das praktische Wahlrecht und die, noch immer nicht vollstndig umgesetzte, Verbannung der Segregation. Einige radikalere Methode, wie die des afroamerikanis chen Bà ¼rgerrechtler Malcolm X, der zwischen 1965 und 1969 immer wieder Aufstnde im Norden und im Westen der USA anstiftete, gingen Kings friedliche Proteste nicht weit genug. Dabei htten sie doch wissen mà ¼ssen, dass Hass nur wieder Hass und Gewalt nur wieder Gewalt hervorruft. Aber wie sonst htten sie sich bemerkbar machen sollen. Eine Menschenansammlung von einer halben Million Demonstranten ist sicherlich nicht zu à ¼bersehen, zeigt aber nicht wozu diese Menschen in extremer Notlage fhig sind. Aufgrund eben diesen Gegenhasses, wurde Martin Luther King, 1968 in Memphis, von einem weißen Rassisten erschossen. Einer meiner Lieblingsfilme „American History Xâ€Å", zeigt in sehr gesellschaftskritischer Weise deutlich, welche Vorurteile heute noch zwischen ehemaligen Sklaven und ihren ehemaligen Haltern bestehen. ÃÅ"ber drei Jahrhunderte Unterdrà ¼ckung und Sklaverei haben eine tiefe Spur in den Gedanken der Menschen hinterlassen. Als meine Englischlehrerin von ihrer zweiwà ¶chigen Studienreise aus den Vereinigten Staaten zurà ¼ckkam erzhlte sie, dass in dem Jugendgefngnis, welches sie besichtigte 75% der Insassen der dunkelhutig waren. Sicherlich kann man nicht erwarten, dass sich von heute auf morgen alles ndert, aber das rassistische Denken, das immer noch in vielen amerikanischen Kà ¶pfen herrscht, muss kontinuierlich mi t Aufklrungsarbeit beseitigt werden. Es ist genau wie in Deutschland in diesen Tagen. Fremdenhass, rechtsradikale Aufmrsche und Anschlge sind fast an der Tagesordnung und alle Welt zeigt mit dem anklagenden Finger auf uns. Dabei sollte man aber nicht vergessen, dass es diese Probleme auch in anderen Lndern der Erde gibt. Natà ¼rlich sind in diesen Lndern nur rassistische Minderheiten die Tter aber gerade die sind es, die das Ansehen einer Nation beschdigen. Deutschlands Ansehen wurde durch den Nationalsozialismus auf lange Zeit beschdigt, da im Dritten Reich Và ¶lkermord und Rassentrennung à ¼ber Jahre hinweg betrieben wurde. Aber in den USA wurde im Fall der Indianer auch Và ¶lkermord ausgeà ¼bt- und schlimmer noch. Im Vietnam- Krieg wurde durch Flchenbombardierung viele Unschuldige getà ¶tet und schwarze Soldaten starben an der Front, whrend in der Heimat die Menschenrechte mit Fà ¼ÃƒÅ¸en getreten wurden. Menschenrechtsverletzungen gab und gibt es nachweislich auch im mchtigsten Land der Erde. Auch die mchtigst e Nation der Welt steht in der Verantwortung die Schuld der Geschichte auf sich zu nehmen und sie ansatzweise wiedergut zu machen. Natà ¼rlich gibt es keine Entschdigung, fà ¼r keinen einzigen Indianer und keinen einzigen Afroamerikaner aber die Anerkennung der Schuld wre ein Schritt in die richtige Richtung. Anstatt auf humanitre Defizite in China oder im Nahen Osten aufmerksam zu machen, sollte man sich lieber „an die eigene Nase fassenâ€Å". Leider ist die USA momentan, mit der Wahl Bushs, sehr weit davon entfernt. Ich mà ¶chte die Vereinigten Staaten nicht anprangern, da sie durchaus auch positive Aspekte zur Weltgeschichte beisteuerten aber dennoch bleibt festzustellen, dass die Geschichte der USA blutig, und von Fremdenhass gekennzeichnet war. Research Papers on Die Geschichte der USA ist eine blutige - Deutsche AbhandlungBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XThe Spring and AutumnAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeWhere Wild and West MeetCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionQuebec and CanadaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementStandardized Testing19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

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