Trial by Fire - 16438 Words

[pic] Trial by Fire Did Texas execute an innocent man? by David Grann September 7, 2009 [pic] Cameron Todd Willingham in his cell on death row, in 1994. He insisted upon his innocence in the deaths of his children and refused an offer to plead guilty in return for a life sentence. Photograph by Ken Light. Related Links Audio: Grann on the Texas execution that may change the death penalty debate. Video: David Grann discusses the flaws of the Cameron Todd Willingham investigation. Ask the Author: Live chat with Grann Wednesday, September 2 at 3 P.M. E.T. The fire moved quickly through the house, a one-story wood-frame structure in a working-class neighborhood of Corsicana, in northeast Texas. Flames†¦show more content†¦According to the medical examiner, they, too, died from smoke inhalation. News of the tragedy, which took place on December 23, 1991, spread through Corsicana. A small city fifty-five miles northeast of Waco, it had once been the center of Texas’s first oil boom, but many of the wells had since dried up, and more than a quarter of the city’s twenty thousand inhabitants had fallen into poverty. Several stores along the main street were shuttered, giving the place the feel of an abandoned outpost. Willingham and his wife, who was twenty-two years old, had virtually no money. Stacy worked in her brother’s bar, called Some Other Place, and Willingham, an unemployed auto mechanic, had been caring for the kids. The community took up a collection to help the Willinghams pay for funeral arrangements. Fire investigators, meanwhile, tried to determine the cause of the blaze. (Willingham gave authorities permission to search the house: â€Å"I know we might not ever know all the answers, but I’d just like to know why my babies were taken from me.†) Douglas Fogg, who was then the assistant fire chief in Corsicana, conducted the initial inspection. He was tall, with a crew cut, and his voice was raspy from years of inhaling smoke from fires and cigarettes. He had grown up in Corsicana and, after graduating from high school, in 1963, he had joined the Navy, serving as a medic in Vietnam, where he was wounded on four occasions.Show MoreRelatedTrial by Fire16445 Words   |  66 Pages[pic] Trial by Fire Did Texas execute an innocent man? by David Grann September 7, 2009 [pic] Cameron Todd Willingham in his cell on death row, in 1994. He insisted upon his innocence in the deaths of his children and refused an offer to plead guilty in return for a life sentence. Photograph by Ken Light. Related Links Audio: Grann on the Texas execution that may change the death penalty debate. Video: David Grann discusses the flaws of the Cameron Todd Willingham investigationRead MoreTrial By Fire, By David Grann2184 Words   |  9 Pagest commit? How can you prove your innocence if you’re found guilty? Unfortunately Cameron Todd Willingham fell victim to this irreversible verdict. According to David Grann in his 2009 article, Trial by Fire, in The New Yorker magazine, Willingham was executed in Texas in 2004 for allegedly setting a fire to his home in hopes to murder his three young daughters 13 years prior. From arrest to conviction, he had always declared his innocence, and the arson investigation used to convict Willingham wasRead MoreTrial By Fire : The Forging Of Modern Physics3319 Words   |  14 PagesTrial By Fire: The Forging of Modern Physics (DRAFT EDITION) Most often, great minds are few and far between. It is an unusual circumstance for a collection of brilliant thinkers to exist at the same time, and even more strange for them to collaborate or clash. Sir Isaac Newton and Gottfried Leibniz are a spectacular demonstration of this phenomenon. Throughout their careers in mathematics and physics, the two often found themselves at arms over everything from credit for discoveries to the natureRead MoreI Am The Paragon Of Test, Tribulation, And Trial By Fire1267 Words   |  6 PagesI am the paragon of test, tribulation, and trial by fire. Yet, I have not been broken†¦ A conversation after learning about the condemning words of a 1st grade teacher. â€Å"I do not understand your concern. Most children DO NOT start learning how to read until third grade. And he’s not even a gifted student,† said the principal to my mother. The principal’s remarks left my mother despondent. I vividly remember sitting in a class of 1st graders encamped around the teacher as she read; eager to learnRead MorePeople V. Atkins Case Brief Essay1037 Words   |  5 PagesCalifornia 2. Year: 2001 3. Appellant Respondent: Atkins 4. Respondent Appellant: People of California 5. Charge: Arson to forest land, Arson to property, Unlawfully causing a fire forest, Misdemeanor unlawfully causing a fire of property 6. Issue on appeal: Have Atkins met the necessities of the arson which is identified by the trial court with reference to CALJIC No. 14.80? 7. Substantive Facts: †¢ The defendant said to his friends that because of he disliked Orville Figgs, he was thinking that he wouldRead MoreTo Kill A Mockingbird Symbolism Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesIn Harper Lee’s novel To Kill a Mockingbird, the fire in chapter 8 symbolizes a form of prejudice as it burns down the snowman. A lot of the symbolism in this book stems from the prejudice taking place against the black population in Indiana. Some of this is issued when it snows for the first time since 1885. The children make a snowman out of leftover snow and some dirt. This represents the teamwork between the Finch family and the black community. The snow brings out the innocence of children.Read More Triangle: The Fire that Changed America Essay1615 Words   |  7 Pagescrusaders† (Von Drehle 86). Even before it happen, the Forward predicted the terrible disaster of the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory that occurred one year, one month, and seventeen days later (86). Triangle: The Fire th at Changed America, by David Von Drehle tells the story of the horrible fire. David Von Drehle is a journalist for The Washington Post. Von Drehle put a tremendous amount of work into writing Triangle. All of his work paid off because Von Drehle received many awards for Triangle. SomeRead MoreThe Triangle Shirtwaist Fire: A Case Study908 Words   |  4 PagesVon Drehle (2004) outlines the Triangle Shirtwaist fire as a tragedy of the gilded age. The fire occurred in New York in 1911, and 146 people perished. The fire broke out in a shirtwaist or blouse factory in Greenwich Village. The workers inside, most of them Jewish women, worked in sweatshop conditions common to the industry at the time. They worked in the factory to support their families, and often had no other means of support. They had little or no say over their working conditions, whichRead MoreEssay on Kennedy V. State, 323 S.E.2d 169 (Ga. App. 1984)1600 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Kennedy v. State, 323 S.E.2d 169 (Ga. App. 1984) Facts: A fire was evolved on September 23, 1981 in a log cabin due to a hot plate. The hot plate was left on with an accelerant and kerosene near by. The owner of the cabin, Henry Xavier Kennedy was convicted of Arson as he obtained an insurance policy for $40K on the cabin five days prior to this fire and police found evidence that the construction business owned by Mr. Kennedy was losing money, and Mr. Kennedys alibi was insufficient toRead MoreEssay on What Really Happened in the Boston Massacre?915 Words   |  4 Pages This chapter provided information from the trial of Captain Thomas Preston. The chapter asked the question, â€Å"What really happened in the Boston Massacre†. Chapter four focused on the overall event of the Massacre and trying to determine if Captain Preston had given the order to fire at Boston citizens. The chapter provides background information and evidence from Preston’s trial to leave the reader answering the question the chapter presents. A lthough, after looking through all the witnesses’ testimonies

Being Raised As Slaves By Harriet Jacobs And Frederick...

Being raised as slaves; both Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass devoted their professional life for telling their true story based on their own experience. As a matter of fact, their works â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† (1861) and â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† (1845) are considered the most important works in the genre of slave narrative or of enslavement. Thus, this paper will compare and contrast between Jacobs and Douglass in terms of the aforementioned works. Losing their mothers and realizing their status as slaves at about the same age; Douglass and Jacobs’s feelings are different, for example, looking at the beginning of Jacobs’s autobiography, it is evident that she extremely filled with grief and sadness about losing her mother: â€Å"I grieved for her, and my young mind was troubled with the thought who would now take care of me and my little brother.† (Baym, Nina, and Robert 923). Jacobs soon after the death of her mother was given into the hands of her grandmother, Aunt Marthy. In fact, the relation between Jacobs and her grandmother prove to be a most beneficial gift for her; In other words, her grandmother played the role of mother in Jacob’s life. In contrast to Jacobs, Douglass seems indifferent from losing his mother and he says, â€Å"I received the tidings of her death with much the same emotions I should have probably felt at the death of a stranger (1183). He doesn’t know exactly about his father’s identity. HeShow MoreRelatedA Comparison Of Writings By Harriet Jacobs And Frederick Douglass1718 Words   |  7 PagesA Comparison of Writings by Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass In this paper I will compare the writings of Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass. I will touch on their genre, purpose, content, and style. Both authors were born into slavery. Both escaped to freedom and fought to bring an end to slavery, each in their own way. Both Jacobs and Douglass have a different purpose for their writings. Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass were both slaves that wrote about their strugglesRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison1455 Words   |  6 Pagessuffered horrifically. Not many slaves knew their mothers because they were torn from their homes. Many slave women were robbed of their innocence by their masters. Behind the face of every slave, there is always a very traumatic unforgettable story which is not something to pass on, but a lesson to remember from repeating same mistake again. Only a handful of slaves learned to read and write, and from their stories we can read the horrors they went through. Slave narratives brings these hardshipsRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs Essay1765 Words   |  8 Pageswho tackle this painful topic are Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs. Both Douglass and Jacobs provide deep insights into the life of slavery by recounting their actual experiences. These autobiographies possess great power, though they are by no means carbon cop ies of each other. There are more familial elements in Harriet’s account than Douglass’s, providing a more complex view in Harriet’s case. In addition, while both slaves clash with their masters, Douglass relies on more straightforward tacticsRead MoreSlavery in America1124 Words   |  5 PagesBut do people truly understand how hard it was for the African American female slaves? Harriet Jacobs goes into detail about her life as a slave and gives the female perspective under the alias Linda Brent in the novel Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. She states that everything she says in the book is completely true. There are stereotypes of black women during this time: being looked upon as sexual objects and being promiscuous. Jacobs’s attempts to resist the stereotypical images of black womenRead MoreEssay about Dehumanization of Humanity1341 Words   |  6 PagesSince the Declaration of Independence America has been the land of the free. Every man was born with inalienable rights that could not be separated from their being. When God created the world he made man king of all the animals and plants and America was the first country to realize this. Well, that is unless that man was from African roots. By simply having a different skin color certain men no longer seemed to have that inalienable right to rule over the earth, plants and animals; rather theyRead More Interpretations of Slavery Essay3734 Words   |  15 Pagesare present in all forms of slavery. Slaves were property and objects, not subjects of the law. Slaves had few rights, always fewer than their owners. Slave were also limited to few social activities and were not allowed to participate in political decisions. Finally, any earnings aquired by slaves by law belonged to their master. Also, slaves were prevented from making their own choices regarding physical reproduction. Western slavery took each of these slave characteristics to a new level and asRead MoreHarriet Jacob : An African American Slave And Feminist1071 Words   |  5 PagesHarriet Jacob: An African American Slave and Feminist â€Å"Reader, be assured this narrative is no fiction† (Author). Harriet Jacobs’ Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, is her narrative as a slave who lived in a slave state for twenty-seven years before escaping to live as a free woman in New York (Jacobs preface). Jacobs’ was motivated to write her story by a deep desire to share her experience in an effort to bring to light what slavery really was, a â€Å"deep, and dark, and foul experience thatRead MoreHow Personal Values And Beliefs Influenced The Black American Slave Narrative1572 Words   |  7 PagesBeliefs Influenced the Black American Slave Narrative: â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass† Compared. Throughout the abolition movement, both men and women slaves were trying to escape from slavery, and find their way to freedom in the North. Many of wrote their stories down. Some with the aid of ghost writers, and often under pseudonyms to protect their safety. These slave narratives spoke of the sufferings of the slave experience in America (CampbellRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass2047 Words   |  9 PagesFrederick Douglass was an African American social reformer, orator, and writer. He became the leader of the of the abolitionist movement after escaping from slavery and publishing his autobiography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. His narrative showed white anti-slavery sympathizers, how slaves were brutalized by the slave holding system. Harriet Jacobs was an African American writer who escaped from slavery and was later freed. She became an abolitionist speaker and reformer. JacobsRead MoreFrederick Douglass And Harriet Jacobs Essay1335 Words   |  6 PagesBoth Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs had similar experiences in regards to their owners getting more involved with religion resulting in a change in the treatment of their slaves. Frederick Douglass’ slave-owner in 1832 was a man called â€Å"Captain Auld† by his slaves. Douglass describes him as a â€Å"slaveholder without the ability to hold slaves†. However, after attending a Methodist camp-meeting and experiencing religion, Auld becomes crueler. Douglass had the slightest hope that Auld’s involvement

Proceedings Schedule Planning Applications â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Proceedings Schedule Planning Applications? Answer: Introduction: The recent trends in the modern world include the adoption of the information security trends to be applied in the business operations of organizations or companies. However, the presence of various risks and vulnerabilities in the information technologies are to be addressed for enhancing the safety of their applications. The following report discusses about the case study regarding the Aztek Company whose business corresponds to the financial service sectors. The assessment for the information technology risk management is included in the report. Furthermore, the challenges faced in the acceptance for such technologies are also covered in the report. Moreover, the IT risk principles and the IT security framework is also depicted it the analysis made on the report. Lastly, the report concludes by recommending the possible measure to be applied in their solutions. Discussion: Financial services are termed as a major part of the financial systems of the area concerned. They are mainly used to provide financial helps by using various credit instruments, services and products. The major applications of the financial services include cheque, debt clearance services, bills or credit instruments. The financial products extend from mutual funds investments to credit or debit cards. The major significance of the financial services includes the strengthening of countrys economy. This is mainly signified by the presence of more growth and prosperity on all the sectors of the companys economy. In addition, the economic growth of a country is reflected by the increase in the standards of living among the population of that country. Australian financial services: For the last two decades, the emergence of the financial services is evident by checking the global economy. The constant rate of the increasing financial economy has made the companies or business organizations to apply the solutions needed for referencing them and to apply them in their operations as well. The economy of Australia has seen an increase of 3.5% due to the financial strengthening of their services (Rampini Viswanathan, 2016). The administrations for the Australian financial services have made various implementations on the use of certain strategies for the effective business solutions and market economy. However, the presence of various risks in the financial economy is leveraging the opportunities to reference the weak points in the services. This is the main cause for the Aztek Company to face multiple issues pertaining to the information security. Moreover, the presence of illegal uses of financial services is also another cause for concerns by the company. The ce nter of the company is located in Australia which allows them to enjoy the benefits of the growing economy. This is helping them to increase their customer acquisition rate in the market. However, the additional services like implementation of online banking systems are another cause for concerns as the presence of cyber attacks and malwares are always evident. This is also the reason for losing of data from their data centers. This gives a pre-requisite to the Aztek Company to implement their security enhancements protocols for addressing such risks and threats. Risks and controls: There are various risks in the financial sectors that are due to the presence of both external and internal risks to the sector. Technology in the modern world is the main concept utilized for innovation. This can also be used to get unethical access to the system leading to breaches and grave impacts. The cyber threats occurring as data loss, user account compromising, file destroying or degrading are the main attacks included in the cyber security aspects. However, these are not the only risks faced by the financial institutions. The misalignment between businesses and information technology strategies and management decisions are also faced by these financial sectors as well (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). The main reason for such actions is the gap in technologies which causes hindrance to the normal operations. This effectively reduces the speed of serving the clients of the concerned financial organizations. Moreover, the increases of competition on the market like technologic al startups are making the existing businesses opt for more technologically driven approach to adopt the swiftness in their operations. Risk assessment: The risk assessment of information technology has made the possible integration of risk management techniques that helps in addressing the risks requirements and their mitigation. The ERM scheme is another method that has been applied by financial sectors that has helped them to enhance their process of decision making (Glendon, Clarke McKenna, 2016). The main objective of the information technology risk management is the removal of loopholes in the system that helps in the mitigation of the various threats and vulnerabilities that are referenced in the above section. Monetary Acts: The administrative authorities responsible for the monetary transactions in the market are not very efficient when it comes to the market risks. This is the main requirements for the presence of a regulatory committee in the market to analyze the market and the products included in it. In addition, the financial products which are also included in the market should also be subjected to regulatory committees and administrations. The traditional and the old methods of such administration lack the technological advancements needed for the regulatory preservations. This is being difficult for the clients to assess the validity of the products and the evaluation of them is very difficult (Chance Brooks, 2015). The Wallis report is used to serve as the connection among the risk allotment qualifications and the arrangements of the Trade Practices Act 1974 (DeAngelo Stulz, 2015). Cloud computing: Cloud technology is the incorporation of virtual architecture in the system that helps in the efficient betterment of the services. The resources are quickly accessed and modified however required. This allows the users of the cloud to access the computational abilities of the infrastructure and get the required capabilities whenever needed. This helps to increase the agility and deployment of these services. The pricing of the solutions is another feature that helps the businesses to apply for these services (Hopkin, 2017). The businesses are charged according to their usages which help them to keep track of their reports. The services provided by the cloud solutions include the presence of adequate resources, bandwidth and sustainable performance. The sole requirement of accessing the systems is the presence of an internet access. This allows remote availability of the cloud resources. In addition, disaster recovery is also possible by applying for backup. The operations of the sys tem pertaining to a particular date can be saved in the cloud for later use. In case of disasters in the system, the backed-up system can be downloaded from the cloud and will be implemented very fast. The resources are quickly accessed and modified however required. This allows the users of the cloud to access the computational abilities of the infrastructure and get the required capabilities whenever needed. This helps to increase the agility and deployment of these services. Stakeholders: The stakeholders in Australian financial sectors are said to expect higher returns. This in turn is followed by investing in risky businesses to get their desired profits. The Financial Sector Advisory Council has revealed that superannuation in the financial aspects has led to different outcomes on the premiums of the populations (Cohen, Krishnamoorthy Wright, 2017). The most typical stakeholders included in any financial sectors are the government, customers and the shareholders. This is the reason for the difference in the analytical ability of the market and the associated dangers of it. This presents the need to diversify the budget of the project. Impacts on the project: The project to be made in the Aztek Company is the introduction of cloud computing architecture to reference the solutions in the information technology aspects. Cloud technology is the incorporation of virtual architecture in the system that helps in the efficient betterment of the services. The resources are quickly accessed and modified however required. The main use of the cloud computing is for the maintenance of a virtual database to tend to the need of the customers and the employees. This allows the users of the cloud to access the computational abilities of the infrastructure and get the required capabilities whenever needed. This helps to increase the agility and deployment of these services. The services provided by the cloud solutions include the presence of adequate resources, bandwidth and sustainable performance. The sole requirement of accessing the systems is the presence of an internet access. This allows remote availability of the cloud resources. However, the presence of internet access for the access to the system has made the intrusions of several breaches to the system including malwares and viruses. The cyber threats occurring as data loss, user account compromising, file destroying or degrading are the main attacks included in the cyber security aspects. This is the main cause for data loss from the data centers. This is the main reason for the company to lose their brand value as well as business in the market. Australian frameworks: The administrative authorities of the financial sectors in Australia are responsible for referencing to the needs of the customers. This is the sole commitments made by the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). The aim for this regulatory authorities is to make honesty and assurance in the products present in the financial market so as to reach their intended customer satisfaction level (Olson Wu, 2017). Third party cloud solutions: The cloud solutions are the incorporation of virtual architecture in the system that helps in the efficient betterment of the services. The resources are quickly accessed and modified however required. The main use of the cloud computing is for the maintenance of a virtual database to tend to the need of the customers and the employees. This allows the users of the cloud to access the computational abilities of the infrastructure and get the required capabilities whenever needed. This helps to increase the agility and deployment of these services. However, attacks are always made by insiders who have been given access to the system and the organizations need to know them. The transparency is not present with them as the resources and their access are granted by the vendors. This is the main reason for the financial sectors to opt for in-house applications of the cloud solutions. This will enable them to get the solutions of in-house security. In addition, the third-party vendors usually have the right to access the data. This reduces the transparency of the organizations to get their access whenever required. This also cannot be helped in case the client wants to expand their architecture. In addition, in case a vendor goes out of business, the cloud solutions will also be lost which will impact heavily on the operations of the organizations. This will heavily impact the financial sectors as their business as well as their brand image in the market will be gravely impacted. Risks assessment: Technology in the modern world is the main concept utilized for innovation. This can also be used to get unethical access to the system leading to breaches and grave impacts. The cyber threats occurring as data loss, user account compromising, file destroying or degrading are the main attacks included in the cyber security aspects. The data loss from the data centers of the financial sectors are also another cause for risks in the systems. However, these are not the only risks faced by the financial institutions. The misalignment between businesses and information technology strategies and management decisions are also faced by these financial sectors as well (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). However, the presence of internet access for the access to the system has made the intrusions of several breaches to the system including malwares and viruses. The cyber threats occurring as data loss, user account compromising, file destroying or degrading are the main attacks included in the cy ber security aspects. This is the main cause for data loss from the data centers. This is the main reason for the company to lose their brand value as well as business in the market. The risk assessment of information technology has made the possible integration of risk management techniques that helps in addressing the risks requirements and their mitigation. The main objective of the information technology risk management is the removal of loopholes in the system that helps in the mitigation of the various threats and vulnerabilities. The risk management of the information technology is included in a wide scope of enterprise solutions (Hopkin, 2017). The development and maintenance of management systems for referring to the information security aspects shows the adoption of a systematic approach to mitigate the security risks present in the financial services (Haywood et al., 2017). According to the framework of the information security, these risks assessments can be used to reduce or stop the impacts caused by the vulnerabilities or threats and also to apply the solutions to increase the business level which was not present to address them. The framework for the information security aspects need to reference the inside attacks as well as the outside attacks that can affect the businesses of these financial solutions. The various internal threats to the financial solutions are the operational problems in the IT aspects, failure to comply with the enterprise solutions and mergers between various financial organizations or companies. The outside threats include the economic changes in the market, rise of competitions and innovations in the applications of the technology. Both of these types of threats can be used to influence the actions of the information security aspects. The risk and vulnerabilities due to these threats are to be referenced and evaluated for ensuring successful business continuity (Bruhn et al., 2017). The adoption of certain methods for the identification of the risks, estimation of the impacts made by the risks and the evaluation of them is necessary to mitigate them. The information security in the business aspects refers to the various risks and vulnerabilities corresponding to the development, use, impact and selection of the parameters inside the financial sectors. The various IT related problems that can possibly cause an impact on the business operations are included in the risks in security. Their impacts can range from losing business for some time to widespread losing of customers. This can have great impacts on both the customers as well as the financial services. The cyber attack compromises the accounts of the customers making great difficulties for them (Hsiao, 2017). This in turn causes the customers to lose their faith from the financial organization concerned. Thus, the presence of risks management framework is to be integrated. The ERM scheme is another method that has been applied by financial sectors that has helped them to enhance their process of decision making (Glendon, Clarke McKenna, 2016). The main objective of the infor mation technology risk management is the removal of loopholes in the system that helps in the mitigation of the various threats and vulnerabilities. Due to the application of the risks management framework, the business operations and the business continuity is maintained which helps to keep the brand image in the market. The risk management process is the main aim for the information security framework. The information security in the business aspects refers to the various risks and vulnerabilities corresponding to the development, use, impact and selection of the parameters inside the financial sectors. Their impacts can even range to destroy the flow of the business (Lechner Gatzert, 2017). These can be done by the adoption of certain methods for the identification of the risks, estimation of the impacts made by the risks and the evaluation of them is necessary to mitigate them. These include the adoption of regulatory frameworks for identifying the risks in the systems. This process is followed by the estimation of the risks impacts. The analysis used for the estimation is the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the risks. The last method of mitigating these risks is the application of the universal standards to reference them. Principles of information technologies in risks management: The various risks mitigation procedures are included in the information security framework. These helps in addressing the various risks in security and privacy related issues present in the financial sectors. The ERM scheme is another method that has been applied by financial sectors that has helped them to enhance their process of decision making (Lin et al., 2017). The basic methods included in this principle are discussed in this section. The first method is the requirement for connecting to the business objective. This includes the connection among the objective of the financial sectors. The next method is the successful alignment of the information technological aspects with the business objectives. The next method is the estimation of the cost requirements for addressing the mitigation requirements for the identified risks. The next method is the communication among the various authorities to address such risks. The last method is the application of analysis used for the estimation is the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the risks. These standards help in keeping up a legitimate connection with the business operations in the organization. The utilization of the IT risk framework controls the significance of removing risks from the organization. IT risks is managed as a business risk, instead of an alternate sort of risk. In addition, the approach for risk management is comprehensive and helpful. Informational technology supports the achievement of business goals, and IT risks are conveyed as the impact they can have on the achievement of business objectives or system (Yilmaz and Flouris, 2017). Each processing of the methods included in the IT aspect contains a dependence on how the business system depends upon IT-related resources, for instance, people, applications, and establishment. IT-related business chance is seen from the two focuses: protection against risks or threats and enabling of technological advancements. This assures those included with operational risks and the financial organizations are taki ng a shot at mitigating the risks in IT. The risks appetite is termed as the amount of risks present during the development and the analysis of a process to reach its course outcome. To consider the risk appetite levels of a process, two main considerations to be taken into considerations (de Freitas Alves et al., 2017). The first consideration is the ability to take difficulties by the risks. These difficulties are he transactional risks and harm. The next consideration is the measure taken to fight the difficulties in these aspects. Although, there is no presence of standards to identify the presence of risks, the risk appetite can be measured by utilizing the risk maps. Risk resilience is defined at the management level and is reflected in plans set by the authorities at bringing down vital levels of the businesses. These procedures are to address the inside as well as the outside threats to the organization concerned. . The various internal threats to the financial solutions are the operational problems in the IT aspects, failure to comply with the enterprise solutions and mergers between various financial organizations or companies. The outside threats include the economic changes in the market, rise of competitions and innovations in the applications of the technology. Both of these types of threats can be used to influence the actions of the information security aspects (Levett et al., 2017). The risk and vulnerabilities due to these threats are to be referenced and evaluated for ensuring successful business continuity. However, there is presence of requirements of the traditional processes where risks management can be done by analyzing the leg itimate and industrial necessities where the presence of risks is less. The analysis used for the estimation is the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the risks. Qualitative risk analysis: The method used in the qualitative risk analysis is the use of pre-made rating scale to analyze the risks pertaining to the system. The score of the various risks and threats will be rated on the basis of these scales. According to this, they will be applied the proper assessment methods needed for their mitigation. The probability of the risk depends on the values ranging from 0 to 1. Similarly the risk assessment is based on a scale of one to five. For the scale of one, the minimal risks mitigation is applied while for the scale of five, the most extensive mitigation is applied. Quantitative risk analysis: The quantitative analysis refers to the use of various mathematical and statistical methods to develop an end requirement for managing the various business operations. The main methods used in this analysis are the use of certain prospects to get results by accounting to the changes and trends in the insights made. This is used in a large scale as the effectiveness is much high. In addition, the cost needed for conducting this analysis is also very small. Thus, it can be considered that the qualitative risk analysis considers the risks whereas the quantitative risk analysis analyzes the project (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). Qualitative risk analysis is used to perform analytical estimation whereas the quantitative risk analysis estimates the parameters on the basis of probability. Recommendations: The organization has possessed the capacity to deal with the dangers in the organization. This has helped in keeping up the security of information and data in the organization. The utilization of firewalls and anti-viruses helps in recognizing infections in the system or server of the organization. These anti-viruses recognize and address malware and Trojans in the system. The utilization of the Big Data additionally helps in giving an appropriate database in the organization. It additionally gives security to information put away in the Cloud benefits in the organization. The Cloud administrations help in moving up the information over the web. The loss of the information can be limited by backing up the information. The resources are quickly accessed and modified however required. This allows the users of the cloud to access the computational abilities of the infrastructure and get the required capabilities whenever needed. This helps to increase the agility and deployment of thes e services. The risk management helps in prioritizing the various tasks needed for referencing the threats from the cyber attacks. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded from the analysis that the use of the information technology assessment has led to the successful storage of the data pertaining to the financial sectors. The various challenges in the information sectors are also referenced in the report which applies to the financial services as well. The financial challenges faced by the Aztek Company can be mitigated by applying the various risks estimated processes. The qualitative risk analysis considers the risks whereas the quantitative risk analysis analyzes the project. Qualitative risk analysis is used to perform analytical estimation whereas the quantitative risk analysis estimates the parameters on the basis of probability. In addition, the cloud related solutions are also to be applied for storing the data in virtual data centers for successful business operations. The services provided by the cloud solutions include the presence of adequate resources, bandwidth and sustainable performance. The sole requirement of accessing the systems is the presence of an internet access. This allows remote availability of the cloud resources. In addition, disaster recovery is also possible by applying for backup. The operations of the system pertaining to a particular date can be saved in the cloud for later use. In case of disasters in the system, the backed-up system can be downloaded from the cloud and will be implemented very fast. In addition, the various frameworks used present in the Australian legislature are also to be used for referencing the business requirements. In auditing, the recommendations of firewalls and antivirus programs are also to be included for the successful business continuity. References: Agca, R., Heslinga, S. C., Rollefstad, S., Heslinga, M., McInnes, I. B., Peters, M. J. L., ... Primdahl, J. (2017). EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 76(1), 17-28. Behzadi, G., OSullivan, M. J., Olsen, T. L., Zhang, A. (2017). Agribusiness supply chain risk management: A review of quantitative decision models. Omega. Brindley, C. (Ed.). (2017).Supply chain risk. Taylor Francis. Bruhn, A., Whiting, B., Browne, B., Higgins, T., Tan, C. I. (2017). Introducing Enterprise Risk Management Into the University Classroom: A Case Study.Risk Management and Insurance Review,20(1), 99-131. Chance, D. M., Brooks, R. (2015).Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning. Cohen, J., Krishnamoorthy, G., Wright, A. (2017). Enterprise risk management and the financial reporting process: The experiences of audit committee members, CFOs, and external auditors.Contemporary Accounting Research,34(2), 1178-1209. de Freitas Alves, G., Neto, W. L., Coli, M. C., de Souza Bermejo, P. H., SantAna, T. D., Salgado, E. G. (2017, September). Perception of Enterprise Risk Management in Brazilian Higher Education Institutions. InEuropean, Mediterranean, and Middle Eastern Conference on Information Systems(pp. 506-512). Springer, Cham. DeAngelo, H., Stulz, R. M. (2015). Liquid-claim production, risk management, and bank capital structure: Why high leverage is optimal for banks.Journal of Financial Economics,116(2), 219-236. Gilman, A., Miller, L. (2017). Enterprise Risk Management and Talent Management as Vehicles for a Sustainable Museum.Systems Thinking in Museums: Theory and Practice, 71. Glendon, A. I., Clarke, S., McKenna, E. (2016).Human safety and risk management. Crc Press. Haywood, L. K., Forsyth, G. G., de Lange, W. J., Trotter, D. H. (2017). Contextualising risk within enterprise risk management through the application of systems thinking.Environment Systems and Decisions,37(2), 230-240. Hopkin, P. (2017).Fundamentals of risk management: understanding, evaluating and implementing effective risk management. Kogan Page Publishers. Hsiao, C. M. (2017). Enterprise Risk Management with Foreign Exchange Exposures: Evidence from Taiwan Tourism Industry.Asian Economic and Financial Review,7(9), 882-906. Lam, J. (2014).Enterprise risk management: from incentives to controls. John Wiley Sons. Lechner, P., Gatzert, N. (2017). Determinants and value of enterprise risk management: empirical evidence from Germany.The European Journal of Finance, 1-27. Levett, J. M., Fasone, J. M., Smith, A. L., Labovitz, S. S., Labovitz, J., Mellott, S., Dotan, D. B. (2017). Enterprise Risk Management in Healthcare. InSurgical Patient Care(pp. 67-86). Springer International Publishing. Lin, Y., MacMinn, R. D., Tian, R., Yu, J. (2017). Pension risk management in the enterprise risk management framework.Journal of Risk and Insurance,84(S1), 345-365. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Meyer, T., Reniers, G. (2016).Engineering risk management. Walter de Gruyter accountingCo KG. Olson, D. L., Wu, D. D. (2015).Enterprise risk management(Vol. 3). World Scientific Publishing Co Inc. Olson, D. L., Wu, D. D. (2017). Data Mining Models and Enterprise Risk Management. InEnterprise Risk Management Models(pp. 119-132). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Rampini, A. A., Viswanathan, S. (2016).Household risk management(No. w22293). National Bureau of Economic Research. Rsnen, A., Jurgilevich, A., Haanp, S., Heikkinen, M., Groundstroem, F., Juhola, S. (2017). Climate Risk Management. (pp. 21-33). Sohrabi, S., Riabov, A., Udrea, O. (2017). Planning-based Scenario Generation for Enterprise Risk Management. InProceedings of the Scheduling and Planning Applications woRKshop (SPARK). Sweeting, P. (2017).Financial enterprise risk management. Cambridge University Press. Yen, S. H. (2017). The Study on Internal Control to Enterprise Risk Management-An Empirical Study on S Company. Yilmaz, A. K., Flouris, T. (2017). Case Studies for Enterprise Risk Management from Leading Holdings: TAV Airports Holding and BRISA Bridgestone Sabanci Tyre Manufacturing and Trading Inc. InCorporate Risk Management for International Business(pp. 153-163). Springer Singapore.

Keeping track has always been the ultimate thing t Essays

Keeping track has always been the ultimate thing that we all do whether we were trying to stay in a schedule or paying our bills on time. In the age that we live it can quickly get out of our control. The author stated "researches today have so much information at their fingertips that just managing it has become a primary concern". I can understand what he's trying to say, nowadays technology make it even more difficult to get thing done because, there is so much to do, the choices are endless! The author devoted chapter seventeen to help us bring order out of potential chaos by offering tips for keeping track of our sources. Here's how he said It, to keep track of our resources we must save copies to every single one of them. Especially if we have weeks' worth of work scattered all over the place, and when the amount goes up our memories can't keep up with it. he continues by saying electronic is another great way in storing out important documents. he then said "download and save files, or print them out. Be especially sure to make copies of materials on the web, which can change or even disappear: print out what we use, or make a screenshot. I value all these great that the author gave us, I even done some of them myself. After reading this chapter, I have more knowledge of how important work should be securely stored.

40 Web 2.0 Tools for Geeky Educators and College Students

There are a number of resources that can make it easier for you to get information across to the students and help them share what they have learned. These Web 2.0 tools will help you save your time and stay organized throughout the school year. Here is a list of the top 40 best tools to make life easier once class is in session: Classroom Tools Engrade is a platform that allows you to access your curriculum, grade book, seating chart, and connect with parents from your desktop or mobile device. Animoto is a simple tool that is used to create, customize and share video. Would you like to be able to make a worksheet or a class page and publish it online? Web Poster Wizard is a free tool with all of these capabilities. Check out Teacher Planet for lesson plans, rubics, worksheets, teacher tools, and custom certificates. If youre not sure how to pronounce something correctly, Forvo can provide the correct way to say words in several languages. Online Stopwatch is a web-based tool you can use to time tests and assignments. Crocodoc allows you to convert PDF and Microsoft Office documents to HTML5. You can display students work in your browser and edit as required. Aggregators FeedReader lets you search, subscribe and view all of your feeds in one convenient place online. Download RSSReader and display any Atom or RSS news feed. You also have the option of downloading RSS Publisher to create your own podcasts, blogcasts, vblogs, or photoblogs. . Awasu is a feed reader that is packed full of features for personal and professional information management. Get your news on your desktop with Aggie, a desktop application that downloads and displays it in a webpage. WikiNews allows readers to contribute stories for a global audience. Consider incorporating it into a class for your students. Bookmark Managers Pinterest is like an online bulletin board. Use it for anything from lesson plans to crafts. You can also use it to network with fellow geeky educators. Dont discount Twitter as a tool for managing bookmarks. Not only can it be used as a way to connect with a variety of people, but it can help you and your students keep track of bookmarks when conducting research. Diigo allows users to collect bookmarks, notes, screenshots and pictures and access them from a desktop computer, iPod, iPad, or Android. del.icio.us is a free online tool to save and organize bookmarks. Share it with your students so that they can keep their bookmarks organized, too. Course Management Use Bubbl.us for class discussions. Students can see the ideas their classmates have mentioned and use them to fuel more interesting concepts. StudySync is marketed as the ultimate reading and writing solution. It helps students read at progressively higher levels using multimedia assignments. Use RCampus to build a personal or group website, build a virtual community, and manage your courses. If you want to create, collaborate, and present your ideas with your colleagues, Prezi is just the tool to help you do it. Foreign language teachers will find dotsub to be a very useful tool. It will help you caption and translate a 10-minute video. Productivity If you need to manage multiple tasks, Remember the Milk can help you keep track of it all. Access it from your phone and manage your tasks offline. TiddlyWiki is a reusable, personal web notebook. Create documents and send them by e-mail, store them in Dropbox or store them on a USB thumb drive. Convert files without having to download software with Zamzar. Add 30 Boxes to Googles Blogger or your Facebook page. You can share it with your friends, family members or students who need to keep track of project due dates. While you cant get away from deadlines, HiTasks drag and drop feature makes it easy to keep on top of the stuff you need to get done. Set meetings or reminders onto a calendar based on your schedule. You can also assign tasks to a certain person by name. Content Management Do you have something to say? Start a free blog on the EduBlog platform. Add videos, photos, or podcasts quickly and easily. SchoolNotes allows you to create notes for class information or homework and post them online in just a few seconds. Parents and students can look for your notes by entering the school zip code into this free resource. Would you like to be able to share only a specific portion of a YouTube video with your students? TubeChop allow you to make a snippet for a lecture or classroom use. TeacherTube is your source for video, photo, and audio content. You can search for just the right item by subject, grade level, or how recently it was added. Storage Your favorite three-ring binder lives online at LiveBinders.com. Use this resource to organize your resources and store them in one place. Streamline your lesson plans and collaborate with others using Planboard. Its a free resource that allows you to select the days of the week and number of periods you will be teaching. Geeky educators can get up to 15 GB of storage at 4Shared. Use if for files, video, photos, books, or games. Upload and share photos, flash, audio files, video, and software with HyperFileShare. Anything up to 500 Mbytes can be uploaded, and you also have the option of sharing your files with the HFS community if you wish. Collaboration Edmodo is a lot like Twitter, but it was developed for students and teachers. Share content among classmates or another school district. Skype in the Classroom is available as a free resource to teachers, and it can be used to connect one group of students with learners in another city, state, or country. It can also be used to connect with guest speakers for a project. Web surfing can now be a team sport with Twiddla. Browse through websites on a shared whiteboard in real time. Try it for 30 days for free. LiveText is a paid service that offers a solution for lesson planning and student assessment. Suggest that your students share their notes with each other by posting them with NoteMesh. This free service works by creating a wiki for each class that users are free to contribute to and edit. Consider Vyew for meetings or student projects. The free version is unlimited for up to 10 people. Continuous rooms are saved and always available. This service is compatible with Mac, PC, powerpoints, images, documents, videos, flash files and mp3s. The best part is that no installation is required. There are even more kinds of Web 2.0 tools to help you on the job. With the variety available to choose from, you wont have any difficulty in finding help to stay on track during the school year.

Managing People at Heinz Company

Managing People at Heinz Company Introduction H.J Heinz Company is a well-established firm that operates in the US food industry. The firm has attained global market recognition due to its comprehensive internationalisation strategy. The firm is renowned for its nutritious and delicious convenient food products (Heinz 2015).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Managing People at Heinz Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite its past market success, Heinz is focused on optimising its economic sustainability through formulation and implementation of effective corporate level strategies. One of the corporate level strategies that the firm has integrated in its strategic management entails the formation of merger and acquisition (Market Watch 2015). On 25th March 2015, Heinz announced its ambitious plan to merge with Kraft Foods, a US-based food company. The merger agreement will lead to the establishment of a new entity, which will operate unde r the name â€Å"The Kraft Heinz Company†. Heinz will have control of the new entity (DiChristopher 2015). Heinz shareholders will have a 51% stake in the new entity. The new firm will become the third largest food enterprise in North America. It is expected that the merger will increase the sales revenue of the two firms to $28 billion (Market Watch 2015). Problem statement Over the past decades, a number of merger and acquisition failures have been experienced due to ineffective post-acquisition integration processes (Lakhman 2011). One of the reasons for the failure is the lack of or poor adoption of strategic organisational management practices. The Heinz-Kraft merger is not shielded from failure. Despite this aspect, undertaking the intended merger between the two firms will present a major challenge to Heinz management team due to the complex issues associated with mergers and acquisitions. First, some employees might perceive the merger as a threat to their job. Moreov er, the two firms are characterised by distinct organisational culture, which they have developed over the years.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The lack of or poor management of the existing organisational culture differences can lead to the failure of the merger. This aspect underscores the importance of integrating effective strategic human resource management practices in order to deal with possible culture shock and employee resistance. One of the critical strategic management issues that Heinz management team should consider in its quest to implement the merger is effective people management. Failure to take into account the two issues will increase the risk of failure (Holbeche 2007). Research objective The purpose of this research is to evaluate how H.J Heinz Company can successfully undertake the intended merger with Kraft Foods by appreciating the con cepts of employee involvement and engagement during its merger process. This move will culminate in the attainment of effective post-merger integration. Research question The research study will be based on the following research question. In what ways can Heinz Company adopt people management as one of the strategic management practices in its quest to foster organisational performance? Literature review Culture is one of the fundamental aspects in the existence of organisations (Schmitz 2009). Gill (2002) argues that can lead to a reduction in an organisation’s cost of operation through effective coordination of the employees’ efforts. Consequently, it can translate into attainment of a higher competitive advantage. However, most organisations do not appreciate the importance of culture in the course of implementing diverse change initiatives. A study involving over 100 senior organisational executives engaged in 700 merger and acquisition deals between 1996 and 19 98 revealed that 83% of the MA’s did not attain the desired outcome (KPMG 2000).Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Managing People at Heinz Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the contrary, the MA initiatives led to the destruction of organisational value (Gill 2012). Gill (2002) further argues that the failure emanated from the existence of poor people and cultural management practices. The strong correlation between people and culture management to organisational performance underscores the importance of incorporating effective HRM practices (Holbeche 2007). Vazirani (2012) cites a number of factors that contribute to the failures of mergers and acquisitions. According to Vazirani (2012), imitation of the merger and integration strategy has greatly contributed to MA failure. This aspect underscores the existence of a gap in organisations’ commitment to formulate and adopt unique people manag ement strategies. Moreover, failures in mergers and acquisitions also arise from the adoption of ineffective leadership practices. According to Kiessling and Harvey (2006), most organisations do not adopt a knowledge-based view in their people management practices. Privately held knowledge comprises a fundamental source of an organisation’s competitive advantage. Thus, employees are fundamental intangible organisational resources. However, the capacity to tap into the tacit knowledge held by the employees is only possible if effective employee involvement and engagement strategies are adopted. This goal can be achieved by integrating the cultural orientation model, which is concerned with understanding the individuals’ cultural dimensions (Sparrow 2009).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Moreover, the extent to which organisational manager understands the employees’ appreciation of the organisational culture is subject to the type of leadership style. According to Cummings and Worley (2014), employee involvement is aimed at increasing the employees’ input in the decision-making process. Employee involvement culminates in the attainment of high organisational performance while at the same time taking into consideration the employees’ wellbeing. Cummings and Worley (2014) further contend that employee involvement increases the employees’ level of motivation and hence their productivity. Thus, ignoring employees during major organisational change initiatives may be counterproductive due to increased resistance to the intended transformation, which in extreme situations might culminate in turnover intentions (Galpin, Whittington Maellaro 2012). Thus, an organisation may experience loss of key talent hence hindering the attainment of the proj ected outcome. In a bid to promote effective employee involvement, organisational managers should integrate the path-goal theory. According to Griffin and Moorhead (2014, p.337), subordinates are ‘motivated by their leader to the extent that the behaviours of that leader influence their expectancies’. Methodology The study will be conducted by integrating the literature survey design. Consequently, the study will obtain data and information on the concept of employee involvement and engagement from credible sources such as peer-reviewed journals, books and reports conducted by credible institutions. However, the study will only evaluate past studies on change initiatives by different organisations. The choice of the aforementioned source of data will ensure that the data obtained is credible hence providing insight to Heinz Company’s management team on how to implement the two concepts in its merger and acquisition process. The data collected will be analysed qua litatively in order gain in-depth understanding of the importance of employee involvement and engagement during merger initiatives. Conclusion Contemporary business organisations are operating in an environment that has progressively become turbulent. Thus, their long-term sustainability depends on the efficacy of their strategic management practices. One of the issues that businesses will continue to face relates to change. The change may be either intentional or unintentional. Irrespective of the nature of change, it is imperative for organisational leaders to integrate effective change management practices. In its quest to undertake the intended merger and acquisition, it is imperative for Heinz Company to adopt effective strategic management practices. One of the areas that the organisations’ management team should focus on entails effective strategic human resource management practices. One of the most pertinent SHRM issues that organisational leaders should take into co nsiderations entails employee involvement and engagement. The study’s findings will provide Heinz Company management team a better understanding of how to undertake employee involvement and engagement in the MA process. Reference List Cummings, T Worley, C 2014, Organisation development and change, Cengage Learning, New York. DiChristopher, T 2015, Buffett’s HJ Heinz to merge with Kraft Foods, cnbc.com/id/102533153 Gill, C 2012, ‘The role of leadership in successful international mergers and acquisition; why Renault-Nissan succeeded and Daimlerchrysler- Mitsubishi failed’, Human Resource Management, vol. 51, no. 3, pp. 433-456.a Griffin, R Moorhead, G 2014, Organisational behaviour; managing people and organisations, South-Western Cengage Learning, Mason. Heinz: Welcome to our home 2015, heinz.com/our-company.aspx Holbeche, L 2007, Understanding change, Routledge, New York. Kiessling, T Harvey, M 2006, ‘The human resource management issues during an acquisition; the target firm’s top management team and key managers’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1307-1320. KPMG: Unlocking shareholder value; the keys to success 2000, http://people.stern.nyu.edu/adamodar/pdfiles/eqnotes/KPMGMA.pdf Lakhman, C 2011, ‘Post acquisition cultural integration in mergers and acquisitions; a knowledge based approach’, Human Resource Management, vol. 50, no. 5, pp. 605-623. Market Watch: H.J Heinz Company and Kraft Foods Group sign definitive merger agreement to form the Kraft Heinz Company 2015, marketwatch.com/story/hj-heinz-company-and-kraft-foods-group-sign-definitive-merger-agreement-to-form-the-kraft-heinz-company-2015-03-25 Schmitz, J 2009, Understanding the cultural orientation approach; an overview of the development and updates to the COA, viewed on culturalorientations.com/SiteData/docs/ArticleUnd/616d3a22b5d5d472/Article%20%20Understanding%20the%20Cultural%20Orientations %20Approach.12.06.2012.pdf Sparrow, P 2009, Handbook of international human resource management; integrating people, process and context, John Wiley, Chichester. Vazirani, N 2012, ‘Mergers and acquisitions performance evaluation; a literature review’, Journal of Management, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 37-42.

International banking assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International banking assignment - Essay Example For this reason, they are often regulated through creation of policies and regulations. Most nations have developed fractional banking systems, which are essential in the regulation of the banking industry (Somashekar 2009, 34). Through this system, banks have various liquid assess, which are equal to part of their current liabilities. In addition to different regulations aimed at ensuring liquidity, banks are often subject to the most minimal capital requirements depending on the internationally set standards that are known as Basel Accords. It has often been said that liquidity is something that be recognized easily that being defined; additionally, it is a highly elusive concept. As far as its barest essentials are concerned, is all about having cash at the moment one needs it. In relation to banks, liquidity can be defined as the ability of a bank to provide funding to the increases in assets in order to achieve various obligations as soon as they arise (Hall 2008, 16). This often has to take place without the banks having to incur any unacceptable losses. Management of liquidity risks aims at ensuring that banks can continue performing their most fundamental roles. It is important to note that while outflows are often identified with certainties, risks are often due to need to achieve indecisive obligations about cash flow. In most cases, they depend on the external events as well as the behavior and actions of various agents. The liquidity aspects of a certain bank are ultimately a function of its confidence. This confidence arises from the counterparties and depositors in the banking institution and its presumed capital adequacy or solvency. A liquidity shortfall in a certain individual institution can often have various repercussions in its broad systems. In this case, the withdrawal of one institution has a multiplier effect, having the ability to spread to other systems, which can bring about various

Stage 2 Of Updating Hometown Deli Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stage 2 Of Updating Hometown Deli - Essay Example This paper will attempt to describe how the technology proposed in Stage 1 will be used throughout Hometown Deli to help improve the business into a viable restaurant and local hangout for many more years to come. In Stage 1, the author identified that Hometown Deli was in need of a major improvement since nothing about it has changed since the 1950s. A technological upgrade would allow the store to become more efficient by having information pertaining to customers, recipes, and business accounts stored on computers. It would also, allow the deli to introduce the use of technological services such as Wi-Fi for customers to use while hanging out at the deli. Lastly, it would mean that new ways of advertising would be available, such as using social networks like Facebook or even creating a Hometown Deli blog to gather feedback from its customer base on how the Deli can be improved. Hometown Deli would need to acquire restaurant style point of sale (pos) equipment to help facilitate t he speed and accuracy of improving the restaurant. This equipment would also allow us to keep up with an accurate database of customer information, menus, recipes, inventory, business accounting information, amongst other possible information that could be used. Also, the deli would need to acquire phone lines and an internet connection with a wireless router. The wireless router would serve as the hub for the new Wi-Fi service offered to those hanging out at the Deli. Most of the major components to help with the solution for the integration of the business coming into the 21st Century, technologically speaking, can be found on the web in various packages. The packages that seem to work best come from International Point of Sale.com. From this company you can purchase complete packages consisting of touchscreen monitors, cash drawers, keyboards, the Restaurant Pro Express software, a signature pad, and printers for the receipts among others.

Job Outsourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Job Outsourcing - Essay Example However, the opponents of the view that job outsourcing has positive effect on the US economy argue that hiring people outside the US significantly affect the US economy in a negative way as it strips many Americans of jobs (Kehal, 2006). It is in the light of these arguments that this paper will discuss how job outsourcing exactly affect the US economy. Both sides of the debate have valid points. Ching (2009) observes that studies have shown that outsourcing has contributed to the loss of employment opportunities in the US. This has had detrimental effect not only to those who are minimally qualified for employment, but also to those who have the skills because even skilled labor jobs are being outsourced to other countries (Hira and Hira, 2005). Availability of fewer jobs for unskilled and skilled workers due to job outsourcing has dire economic consequences to the US economy, especially in respect to increasing the levels of poverty and reducing tax revenues and consumer spending. Kehal (2006) argues that while job outsourcing may help companies to reduce costs, it may have detrimental effect on the companies in the end. This is because availability of fewer jobs due to outsourcing reduces spending power of the consumers, thereby reducing companies’ revenues (Hira & Hira, 2005). ... This outcome has a direct effect not only on the federal and companies’ spending, but also on the US economy in general. Job outsourcing also helps to lower the wages and this means that companies will be able to do production with less expense, thereby transferring benefits to the consumers (Kehal, 2006). This is the point that the supporters use to dispute arguments that job outsourcing reduces the availability of job opportunities. They argue that lower prices will lead to increased consumer spending, and that companies will be in a position to hire additional workers in the United States because they will be paying fewer wages for workers outside the country (Ching, 2009). It has also been argued that job outsourcing positively affects the US economy as it gives jobs to people in less developed countries, which improves their economies. As a result, the US is able to increase trade and investments with these countries, therefore promoting the US economy (Kehal, 2006). Besi des, job outsourcing increases the ability of the less developed countries to pay back their debts to the US, which not only promotes better political relationship, but also sustainable economic cooperation and improvement (Wood & Maniam, 2009). However, it has been argued that job outsourcing tend to deteriorate the economic and political relationships with the less developed countries. This view is informed by the argument that not all people in the countries where job outsourcing is done benefit economically from the process. Some of the companies have been accused of not providing humane working conditions (Ching, 2009). In some cases, for instance, outsourced work may be performed in inhumane working

First-principles Calculations of Rare Earth Diffusivities

First-principles Calculations of Rare Earth Diffusivities First-principles calculations of rare earth (Y, La and Ce) diffusivities in bcc Fe ABSTRACT: The impurity diffusivities of rare earth elements, Y, La and Ce, in bcc Fe have been investigated by the first-principles calculations within nine-frequency model and semi-empirical corrections for magnetization. The microscopic parameters in the pre-factor and activation energy have been calculated. For the three elements, the solute-vacancy interactions are all attractive, and Y and La solute atoms more favorably bond to the vacancy. The solute-vacancy binding energy can be explained in terms of the combination of the distortion binding energy and the electronic binding energy, and the strain-relief effects accounts for larger portion of the binding energy for Y and La than that for Ce. The diffusion coefficients for Y and La are comparable, and predicted to be larger than that for Fe self-diffusion. Compared with Y and La, Ce shows large migration energy and weak solute-vacancy attractive interaction, which accounts for the lowest diffusivity of this element. Keywords: Diffusion; Rare earth; Bcc Fe; First-principles calculations 1. Introduction In the past years, the addition of rare earth (RE) elements has been regarded promising in steels [1-3]. A series of beneficial research for the development of Rare earth Addition have been focused on the purification and modification of inclusion, since RE elements are characterized by significant negative free energy changes for compound formations. RE doping also improve the high-temperature oxidation resistance of steels due to the reactive-element effect (REE) [4,5].In addition, the phase transformations, recrystallization behavior, and the corrosion resistance of steel can be improved by adding RE [6, 7]. Knowledge of all of these is essential to understand the influence of RE additions on the physical, chemical and various properties of steels. In spite of the progress so far in RE application, it is apparent that many questions still remain rather controversial. Data for the effects of rare earths on the surface and interfacial properties, surface tension, contact angle, etc., of steels, are unanswered, for the sake of precise solubilities of rare earths in iron and steels are still not available. Furthermore, accurate thermodynamic data are still unsatisfactory, to accurately predict these characteristics. Kinetic properties, in particular diffusion coefficients for RE, are necessary in understanding the underlying mechanism of RE’s above effects [8]. Therefore, the investigation of the diffusivity for these RE elements is expected to be useful in the context of developing RE steels. Although for diffusion in bcc Fe many data are available, nevertheless there is little experimental or calculated data for RE. For the three commonly used RE elements, Y, La and Ce, only the diffusion coefficient of Y has been reported [9].The purpose of the present work is to investigate the impurity diffusivities of rare earth elements, Y, La and Ce, in bcc Fe by the first-principles calculations within nine-frequency model and semi-empirical corrections for magnetization[10,11], calculate the associated solute-vacancy binding energies, migration energies, pre-factors and activation energies for these impurity diffusivities, as well as the self-diffusion coefficient of Fe, thus discuss the related factors of the diffusion coefficients. 2. Methodology The temperature dependence of diffusion coefficient D is expressed in the Arrhenius form D=D0exp(-Q/kBT). For bcc Fe, the Arrhenius plot of self-diffusion and solute diffusion in iron of the ferromagnetic state deviates downwards from the Arrhenius relationship extrapolated from the paramagnetic state [12]. This effect is attributed to the change of magnetization which affects the diffusion activation energy. The temperature dependent magnetization on the diffusion activation energy is well described by the following form [13]: QF(T)=QP[1+ÃŽ ±s(T)2] (1) where QF(T) and QP are the activation energies in the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic state, respectively; s(T) is the ratio of the magnetization of pure iron at a given temperature T to that at 0K, and has been experimentally measured [14,15]; the constant ÃŽ ± quantifies the extent of the influence of magnetic on activation energy. The measured value of ÃŽ ± for Fe self-diffusion is 0.074, in the case of the solute species investigated in this context that have no measured ÃŽ ± values available, the values can be estimated from a semi-empirical linear relationship with the induced change in local magnetization on Fe atoms in the first and second neighbor shells of a solute atom [16]. The first-principles calculations give direct access to the magnitude of the activation energy in the fully ordered ferromagnetic state (T=0K). Given the values of ÃŽ ± and s(T), we can compute QP through the relation , and QF(T) from Eq. (1). We based the diffusion calculations on the assumption that the mechanism of diffusion is primarily monovacancy mediated. For self-diffusion and solute diffusion on a bcc lattice, the diffusion coefficient can be expressed as following [10,17]: Dself=a2f0Cvw0 (2) Dsolute=a2f2Cvw2(-ΔGb/kBT) (3) where a is the bcc lattice constant, f0=0.727 is the self-diffusion correlation factor, f2 is the correlation factor for solute diffusion which depends on the relative jump rates for a vacancy to different sites neighboring the solute atom. Cv denotes the equilibrium vacancy concentration, can be written as Cv=exp(ΔSf /kB)exp(-ΔHf /kBT), where ΔSf and ΔHf are the vacancy formation enthalpy and entropy, respectively, the harmonic approximation makes these two become temperature-independent constants. and kB is Boltzmann’s constant. w0 and w2 are the vacancy hopping frequencies for Fe and solute atoms to exchange with a nearest-neighbor vacancy, respectively. Based on transition state theory (TST), the vacancy hopping frequency w is written as , where and are the phonon frequencies in the initial state and transition state, and the product in the denominator ignores the unstable mode; ΔHmig is the migration energy, gives the energy difference for the diffus ing atom located at its initial equilibrium lattice position and the saddle-point position. The solute-vacancy binding free energy ΔGb can be expressed as ΔGb =ΔHbTΔSb, where ΔHb and ΔSb are the binding enthalpy and entropy, respectively. The correlation factor f2 can be calculated using the nine-frequency model developed by Le Claire [11] which involves different jump frequencies of vacancies to their first neighbor position in the presence of the solute atoms, as illustrated in Fig. 1. In this model, the interaction of solute-vacancy is assumed up to second neighbor distance. The nine frequencies shown in Fig. 1 correspond to all of the distinct vacancy jumps, including the host Fe atom jump w0 without impurity. The detailed calculation procedures could be found in Ref. [10]. Fig. 1. Schematic illustration of the nine-frequency model for the bcc Fe crystalline with a solute atom. The arrows indicate the direction of the vacancy jumps. The numbers in the circle represent the neighboring site of the solute atom. For convenience, we can represent the self- and solute diffusion equations (Eqs.(2) and (3)) in Arrhenius form to obtain the pre-factor and activation energy of diffusion. By combining the above Eqs., the diffusion coefficient for Fe self-diffusion and solute diffusion can be expressed as: (4) For self-diffusion, the pre-factor is, and the activation energy in the fully ordered ferromagnetic state given as . Also, the solute diffusion coefficient can be expressed in an Arrhenius form with the pre-factor is, and. The first-principles calculations presented here are carried out using the Vienna Ab Initio Simulation Package(VASP) with the projector augmented wave(PAW) method and the generalized gradient approximation of Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof functional(GGA-PBE) [18]. The computations performed within a 4à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´4à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´4 supercell including 128 atoms. The binding, vacancy formation and migration energies were calculated with 300eV plane-wave cutoff and 12à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´12à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´12 k-point meshes. All calculations were performed spin polarized, with a ferromagnetic ordering of the Fe moments. The residual atomic forces in the relaxed configurations were lower than 0.01eV/Ã…. The transition states with the saddle point along the minimum energy diffusion path for vacancy migration were determined using nudged elastic band (NEB) method [19] as implemented in VASP. We adopt the harmonic approximation (HA) to consider the contribution of normal phonon frequencies to free en ergy. The normal phonon frequencies were calculated using the direct force-constant approach as implemented in the Alloy Theoretic Automated Toolkit (ATAT) [20] package. Similar cutoff energy, k-point mesh size and supercell size used for the total energies were used for the vibrational calculations. 3. Result and discussion Table 1 illustrates our calculated vacancy formation, migration and binding energies, as well as the constant ÃŽ ± for solute species, the associated activation energies for self- and solute-diffusion in the paramagnetic and fully ordered ferromagnetic state. For pure bcc Fe, the vacancy formation energy and migration energy obtained here are consistent with the reported range of values, ΔHf=2.16-2.23 eV and ΔHmig=0.55-0.64 eV [10,21,22]. For Y impurity in bcc Fe, the calculated vacancy binding energy and activation energy in full ordered ferromagnetic state also compare well with the previous first principles work [9,23], in which ΔHb=-0.73 eV and =2.26 eV. It can be seen that Y and La have smaller activation energy than that for Fe self-diffusion, while Ce is predicted to have a lager value of activation energy than that for Fe self-diffusion, in both the ordered ferromagnetic and paramagnetic state. Table 1 Vacancy formation energy ΔHf , solute-vacancy binding energy ΔHb, migration energy ΔHmig, the ferromagnetic activation energy and the paramagnetic activation energy QP; the variable dependence parameter of activation energy on magnetization ÃŽ ± (the value for Fe is taken from experimental measurements, while the values for Y, La and Ce have been estimated from first-principles calculations). Solute-vacancy binding energy plays a crucial role in understanding solute diffusion kinetics. From Table 1 it can be seen that referring to the nearest-neighbor solute-vacancy pairs, the binding energies are all negative, which implies the solute-vacancy pairs are favorable. Specifically, Y and La impurities are computed to have higher values of solute-vacancy binding energies -0.69 eV and -0.66 eV, respectively, while that for Ce is -0.43 eV. To obtain information on the origin of these attractive behaviors, we decompose the total binding energy into the distortion binding energyand the electronic binding energy as [24] . The distortion binding energy is the energy that can be gained by reducing the distortion in the bcc Fe matrix when a solute atom and a vacancy combine to form a solute-vacancy pair, and can be expressed as: (5) where and can be calculated as follows: after the supercell containing a solute-vacancy pair (or a substitutional atom) has been fully relaxed, the solute-vacancy pair (or the substitutional atom) is removed from the system, then the total energy can be calculated. denotes the total energy of pure bcc Fe supercell, and is the total energy of the supercell containing a vacancy. Then can be calculated from . The calculated energy decomposition for solute-vacancy binding is shown in Table 2. The distortion energies (-0.31 to -0.65 eV) for all solute elements(Y, La and Ce) are negative, and much bigger than their corresponding electronic binding energies (-0.04 to -0.12 eV). This implies that the distortion energy is the major part of the total binding energy, i.e. the strain relief effect contribute significantly to the interaction between the impurity atom and the vacancy, especially for the solute Y and La, which accounted for 94.2% and 97.0% of the total binding energy, respecti vely. Table 2 Decomposition of the total solute-vacancy binding energy into distortion binding energy and electronic binding energy. The correlation factor f2 is related to the probability of the reverse jump of a solute atom to its previous position [25]. Table 3 lists the calculated values of correlation factors for Y, La and Ce at representative temperatures of 850, 1000 and 1150K. The correlation factors for Ce is nearly a constant close to 1, while the Y and La diffusion correlation factors decrease with increasing temperature, corresponding to the weak solute-vacancy binding for Ce and the strong solute-vacancy binding for Y and La. Therefore, the Ce atom is the most difficult to return back to its original position in the temperature range of our investigation. Including the smallest binding energy, highest migration energy and correlation factor, provides an explanation for the low diffusivity of Ce atom. Table 3 Correlation factors (f2) for Y, La and Ce solute-diffusion at representative temperatures of 850, 1000 and 1150K. Table 4 lists the calculated diffusion activation energies and pre-factors for Fe self-diffusion and Y, La and Ce impurity diffusion. For pure bcc Fe, we find our calculated results are in good agreement with the published values. For Y impurity in bcc Fe, the calculated activation energy in full ordered ferromagnetic state also compare well with the previous first principles work, while the pre-factor is as much as two orders of magnitude lager than the reported value. The experimental or calculated diffusion coefficients of La and Ce are not available to the best of our knowledge. Fig. 2 presents a direct comparison between the calculated and published temperature dependent diffusion coefficients for Fe self-diffusion and Y solute diffusion. For Fe self-diffusion, the calculated values are in good agreement with Huang et al. [10] and Nitta et al.[24], but smaller than the measured data of Seeger [25], this discrepancy may be due to the impurity, defects and grain sizes of the testing materials, and instrumental accuracy. For Y solute diffusion, the diffusion coefficient values are higher by a factor of 4-5 than those due to Murali et al. [9], this discrepancy can be attributed to the harmonic vibration and the influence of the bulk magnetization on the activation energy. The temperature dependence of the solute diffusion coefficients for Y, La and Ce in bcc Fe matrix are plotted in Fig. 3, where the Fe self-diffusion coefficient is also included. It can be clearly seen that the diffusion coefficients for Y and La are higher than the self-diffusion in pure bcc Fe, while the diffusion coefficients for Ce are lower than that of Fe self-diffusion, over the entire temperature range below the ÃŽ ±-ÃŽ ³ phase transition. For the case of Ce solute diffusivity, the lowest value of diffusion coefficient originates from the largest migration energy and the smallest solute-vacancy binding energy. For the two faster diffusers, Y and Ce, which have the comparable diffusion coefficients, we can observe that the diffusion rate of La is higher than that of Y at temperatures below 930 K, but this relation reverses with temperature rising above 930 K. This is attributed to the effects of the diffusion pre-factors of these two elements. Therefore, the investigation for diffusion should also be based on detailed considerations of the diffusion pre-factor, including the contribution of the correlation factor, rather than the vacancy formation energy and migration energy. The diffusion properties of solute elements (Y, La and Ce) in bcc Fe matrix have been studied using DFT calculations in conjunction with the Le Claire nine-frequency model. Of the three impurities that we investigated, the diffusion coefficients for Y and La are comparable, and predicted to be larger than the Fe self-diffusion. In contrast, the calculated results indicate that Ce diffuse slower than Fe self-diffusion. The slowest diffusion rate of Ce originates from that the solute-vacancy binding energy for this element is lower than that of Y and La, and the former has higher migration energy as well. In the case of Y and La, the small direction deviation between the trends of the diffusion coefficients of these two impurities, mainly comes from the contribution of the diffusion correlation factor. The authors are grateful for the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51101083) and the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (No.2013MS0813). References [1] M.F. Yan, C.S. Zhang, Z. Sun, Appl. Surf. Sci. 289 (2014) 370. [2] W. Hao, W.T. Geng, Nucl. Instrum. Meth. Phys. Res. B 280 (2012) 22. [3] Y.H. Yoo, Y.S. Choi, J.G Kim, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 52 (2010) 1123. [4] S.K. Samanta, S.K. Mitra, T.K. Pal, Mater. Sci. Eng. A 430 (2006) 242. [5] R. Thanneeru,S. Patil,S. Deshpande,S. Seal, Acta Mater. 55 (2007) 3457. [6] S.T. Kim, S.H. Jeon, I.S. Lee, Y.S. Park, Corros. Sci. 52(2010) 1897. [7] H.Z. Li, H.T. Liu, Z.Y. Liu, G.D.Wang, Mater. Charact. 103 (2015) 101. [8] D. Simonovic, M.H.F. Sluiter, Phys. Rev. B 79 (2009) 054304. [9] D. Murali, B.K. Panigrahi , M.C. Valsakumar, C.S. Sundar, J. Nucl. Mater. 419 (2011) 208. [10] S.Y. Huang, D.L. Worthington, M. Asta, V. Ozolins, G. Ghosh, P. K. Liaw, Acta Mater. 58 (2010) 1982. [11] A.D. Le Claire, Philos. Mag. 21 (1970) 819. [12] S.Takemoto, H. Nitta, Y. ijima, Y.Yamazaki, Philos. Mag. 87 (2007) 1619. [13] L. Ruch, D.R. Sain, H.L. Yeh, L.A. Girifalco, J. Phys. Chem. Solids 37 (1976) 649. [14] H.H. Potter, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 146 (1934) 362. [15] J. Crangle, G.M. Goodman, Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 321 (1971) 477. [16] S. Takemoto, H. Nitta, Y. Iijima, Y. Yamazaki, Philos. Mag. 87 (2007) 1619. [17] M. Mantina, Y. Wang, R. Arroyave, L.Q. Chen, Z.K. Liu, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100 (2008) 215901. [18] G. Kresse, J. Hafner, Phys. Rev. B 47 (1993) 558. [19] G. Henkelman, H. Jonsson, J.Chem. Phys. 113 (2000)9978. [20] A. van de Walle,M. Asta,G. Ceder, Calphad 26 (2002) 539. [21] C. Zhang, J. Fu, R.H. Li, P.B. Zhang, J.J. Zhao, C. Dong, J. Nucl. Mater. 455 (2014) 354. [22] H. Ullmaier, Atomic Defects in Metals, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. [23] O.I. Gorbatov, P.A. Korzhavyi, A.V. Ruban, B. Johansson, Yu.N. Gornostyrev, J. Nucl. Mater. 419 (2011) 248. [24] X.S. Kong, X.B. Wu, Y.W. You, C.S. Liu, Q.F. Fang, J.L. Chen, G.N. Luo, Z.G. Wang, Acta Mater. 66 (2014) 172. [25] M. Mantina, Y. Wang, L.Q. Chen, Z.K. Liu, C. Wolverton, Acta Mater. 57 (2009) 4102. [26] H. Nitta, T. Yamamoto, R. Kanno, K. Takasawa, T. Iida, Y. Yamazaki, S. Ogu, Y. Iijima, Acta Mater. 50 (2002) 4117. [27] A. Seeger, Phys. Status Solidi A 167 (1998) 289.

Asian Culture and Healthcare Essay -- Healthcare

Culture is a very important factor to the Asian community. Their whole lives, from their religion, to how they interact with one another, to how they view health care is all dependent on tradition and beliefs. At the third largest majority group, there are almost 12 million Asian or Asian American people living in the United States (Spector, 2009, p 232). Of them, 10.2 million are just Asian, and 1.7 million are Asian mixed with one or more other races. Being Asian refers to having origins to the people from the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. This area uses over 30 different languages and cultures, and has many different religions. One thing that they have in common is their belief in the religion and philosophy, Taoism. Taoism originated in ancient China from a man named Lao-Tzu. Tao has many meanings, including way, path or discourse. Spiritually, it is the way to ultimate reality, or the way of all nature that regulates heavenly and earthly matters. The Chinese believe that the universe is a vast entity, and everything has a definite function. Nothing can exist without the existence of another because everything is linked together, and is kept in harmonious balance. Health is the state of spiritual and physical harmony with nature. When this balance is violated, the result is illness. To remain healthy, those following Taoism believe that they must conform their actions to the â€Å"mobile cycle of the correspondences† (Spector, 2009, p 235). There are two main components to the important idea of traditional Chinese medicine. First is that the human body is regarded as a complete organism that needs to remain in harmony with itself. During sickness, the whole body is regarded, instead of just the affected ... ...r patients with different cultural beliefs, attitudes and health care practices. Knowing a patient's culture can dramatically improve patient compliance, care and earn patient respect. Works Cited Gupta, V. (2010). Impact of culture on healthcare seeking behavior of Asian Indians. Journal Of Cultural Diversity, 17(1), 13-19. Joswick, D. (2012). What acupuncture can treat. Retrieved from https://www.acufinder.com/ Acupuncture+Information/Detail/What+can+acupuncture+treat+ Spector, R. E. (2009). Cultural diversity in health and illness (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Zhao, M., Esposito, N., & Wang, K. (2010). Cultural beliefs and attitudes toward health and health care among Asian-born women in the United States. JOGNN: Journal Of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing, 39(4), 370-385. doi:10.1111/j.1552-6909.2010.01151.x

Commanding Heights: Battle of Ideas Essay

_The Commanding Heights: The Battle of Ideas_ episode explains the economy’s change in structure between 1914 and 1970, as well as the functioning of the markets and government during that time. John Maynard Keynes and Friedrich von Hayek both had influential roles on the economy in the 20th century due to their opposing arguments regarding aggregate demand and classical liberalism, respectively. Keynes’ â€Å"planned economy† idea and Hayek’s â€Å"market economy† both fought to shape the economy into what they hoped was ideal for modern day society. Between the two, Keynes’ argument seemed to have the most success, especially in times of great need, which is why I found his the most compelling. After World War I, Germany and Austria were forced to pay the costs of the war, which was near impossible for them, until they began to print more money in order to compensate for their lack of funds. Printing more money caused a hyperinflation to occur, where prices skyrocketed and people’s savings decreased in value. By 1929, the market began to crash; banks started closing and millions of people lost all of their money. It was at this time that the government and the economy were in desperate need of a plan that would revive them from this devastating crash. At this point, John Maynard Keynes came in with his theory in an attempt to save the economy from the Great Depression. He wrote a book explaining why the Great Depression occurred and what the government should do to prevent such an economic downfall from ever happening again. As Robert Skidelsky, a British economist, said, â€Å"Concepts we take for granted today, like gross domestic product, the level of unemployment, the rate of inflation, all to do with general features of the economy, were invented by [Keynes]† (Ch.4 Europe, 1931). His idea was that the government should spend money in order to keep full employment, even if it meant bringing about a deficit. In the long run, the increase in spending would benefit the economy overall. Roosevelt, being the President of the United States during this period, used this idea by creating government agencies to give citizens work. As Daniel Yergin, an American author, mentions, â€Å"[Roosevelt and the New Deal] instituted a program of regulating capitalism in a way that had never been done before, in order to protect people from what they saw as the  recklessness of the unfettered market† (Ch.5 Washington, D.C., 1933). Regardless of the effort Friedrich Hayek put in to convince citizens that the government should not be given more control over the economy, the majority followed Keynes’ view. Once World War II hit, numerous job opportunities opened up for the preparation of the war, and the Great Depression was defeated. After the war ended, many countries took to following Keynes theory, resulting in successful economies and in some cases, socialism. Hayek still did not think Keynes’ plan was going to work and wrote a sarcastic novel to disclaim this. The message he was getting across with this book was that â€Å"too much government planning means too much government power, and too much government power over the economy destroys freedom and makes men slaves† (Ch.6 London, 1944). In truth, Germany’s market had diminished and hyperinflation had caused the German currency to become worthless, leaving them in need of a new leader to change their situation. This is when a new director of economic affairs, Ludwig Erhard, was appointed. He had similar views to Hayek, including the belief that price controls were not stopping inflation from occurring, nor were they helping the economy in any way. For this reason, Erhard got rid of price controls, leaving citizens with more freedom, and less desire to make trades in the black market. This is an example of Friedrich von Hayek’s view of how the economy should be run. He thought Keynes’ idea was giving the government too much power over the economy instead of giving that influence to the citizens. Hayek followed the view of a libertarian named Ludwig von Mises who believed â€Å"markets, like people, needed to be free from government meddling† (Ch.3 Vienna, 1919). He thought that the economy would fail because of the control over wages and prices. In the end, Keynes theory prevailed, which is why I find his argument more compelling. With the evidence to back him up, he seemed to be on the right track in terms of how the government should react and how the economy should be run. Many people prospered from his ideas and beliefs. I believe that he made society feel more secure in terms of finances and their overall style of living.

Acheulean Tradition

Acheulean Tradition The Acheulean (sometimes spelled Acheulian) is a stone tool techno-complex that emerged in East Africa during the Lower Paleolithic about 1.76 million years ago (abbreviated mya), and persisted until 300,000-200,000 years ago (300-200 ka), although in some places it continued as recently as 100 ka. The humans who produced the Acheulean stone tool industry were members of the species Homo erectus and H. heidelbergensis. During this period, Homo erectus left Africa through the Levantine Corridor and traveled into Eurasia and eventually Asia and Europe, bringing the technology with them. The Acheulean was preceded by the Oldowan in Africa and parts of Eurasia, and it was followed by the Mousterian Middle Paleolithic in western Eurasia and the Middle Stone Age in Africa. The Acheulean was named after the Acheul site, a Lower Paleolithic site on the Somme River in France. Acheul was discovered in the mid-19th century. Stone Tool Technology The defining artifact for the Acheulean tradition is the Acheulean handaxe, but the toolkit also included other formal and informal tools. Those tools included flakes, flake tools and cores; elongated tools (or bifaces) such as cleavers and picks (sometimes called trihedrals for their triangular cross-sections); and spheroids or bolas, roughly rounded sedimentary limestone rocks used as a percussion tool. Other percussion devices on Acheulean sites are hammerstones and anvils. Acheulean tools demonstrate a significant technological advance over the earlier Oldowan; an advance thought to parallel a cognitive and adaptive increase in brain power. The Acheulean tradition is broadly correlated with the emergence of H. erectus, although the dating for this event is /- 200,000 years, so the association of the evolution of  H. erectus with the Acheulean toolkit is a bit of a controversy. Besides flint-knapping, the Acheulean hominin was cracking nuts, working wood, and butchering carcasses with these tools. She had the ability to purposely create large flakes (10 centimeters [4 inches] in length), and reproduce standard tool shapes. Timing of the Acheulean Pioneer paleontologist Mary Leakey established the Acheuleans position in time at Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania, where she found Acheulean tools stratified above the older Oldowan. Since those discoveries, hundreds of thousands of Acheulean handaxes have been found throughout Africa, Europe, and Asia, spanning several million square kilometers, in multiple ecological regions, and accounting for at least one hundred thousand generations of people. The Acheulean is the oldest and longest-lasting stone tool technology in the worlds history, accounting for more than half of all recorded tool-making. Scholars have identified technological improvements along the way, and although they agree that there were changes and developments during this huge chunk of time, there are no widely-accepted names for the periods of technology change, except in the Levant. Further, since the technology is so wide-spread, local and regional changes occurred differently at different times. Chronology The following is compiled from several different sources: see the bibliography below for further information. 1.76-1.6 mya: Early Acheulean. Sites: Gona (1.6 mya), Kokiselei (1.75), Konso (1.75), FLK West, Koobi Fora, West Turkana, Sterkfontein, Bouri, all in eastern or southern Africa. Tool assemblages are dominated by large picks and thick bifaces/unifaces made on large flake blanks.1.6-1.2 mya: Sterkfontein, Konso Gardula; refinement of handaxe shape begins, advanced shaping of handaxes seen at Konso, Melka Kunture Gombore II by 850 ka.1.5 mya outside Africa: Ubeidiya in the Jordan Rift Valley of Israel, bifacial tools, including picks and handaxes, which account for over 20% of the tools. Additional tools are chopping tools, choppers and flake tools but no cleavers. Raw source material varies by tool: bifacial tools on basalt, chopping tools and flake tools on flint; spheroids in limestone1.5-1.4 in Africa: Peninj, Olduvai, Gadeb Garba. Massive production of large, shaped tools, high-quality raw materials, flake blanks, cleavers1.0 mya-700 ka: known as Large Flake Acheulian in some place s: Gesher Benot Yaaqov (780-660 ka Israel); Atapuerca, Baranc de la Boella (1 mya), Porto Maior, El Sotillo (all in Spain); Ternifine (Morocco). Numerous bifacial tools, handaxes, and cleavers make up the site assemblages; large flakes (exceeding 10 cm in maximal dimension) were used to produce handaxes. Basalt was the  preferred source for cutting materials, and true flake cleavers were the most common tool. 700-250 ka: Late Acheulean: Venosa Notarchirico (700-600 ka, Italy); La Noira (France, 700,000), Caune de lArago (690-90 ka, France), Pakefield (UK 700 ka), Boxgrove (UK, 500 ka). There are hundreds of sites dated to the Late Acheulean with many thousands of handaxes, found in harsh deserts to Mediterranean landscapes, and some of the sites have hundreds or thousands of handaxes. Cleavers are almost absent and large flake production no longer used as a primary technology for handaxes, which are at the end made with early Levallois techniquesMousterian: replaced all LP industries beginning around 250,000, widely associated with Neanderthals and later with the spread of Early Modern Humans. Sources Alperson-Afil, Nira. Scarce but Significant: The Limestone Component of the Acheulean Site of Gesher Benot Yaaqov, Israel. The Nature of Culture, Naama Goren-Inbar, SpringerLink, January 20, 2016. Beyene Y, Katoh S, WoldeGabriel G, Hart WK, Uto K, Sudo M, Kondo M, Hyodo M, Renne PR, Suwa G et al. 2013. The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110(5):1584-1591. Corbey R, Jagich A, Vaesen K, and Collard M. 2016. The Acheulean handaxe: More like a birds song than a Beatles tune? Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews 25(1):6-19. Diez-Martà ­n F, Snchez Yustos P, Uribelarrea D, Baquedano E, Mark DF, Mabulla A, Fraile C, Duque J, Dà ­az I, Pà ©rez-Gonzlez A et al. 2015. The Origin of The Acheulean: The 1.7 Million-Year-Old Site of FLK West, Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Scientific Reports 5:17839. Gallotti R. 2016. The East African origin of the Western European Acheulean technology: Fact or paradigm? Quaternary International 411, Part B:9-24. Gowlett JAJ. 2015. Variability in an early hominin percussive tradition: the Acheulean versus cultural variation in modern chimpanzee artefacts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 370(1682). Moncel M-H, Desprià ©e J, Voinchet P, Tissoux H, Moreno D, Bahain J-J, Courcimault G, and Falguà ¨res C. 2013. Early Evidence of Acheulean Settlement in Northwestern Europe - La Noira Site, a 700 000 Year-Old Occupation in the Center of France. PLOS ONE 8(11):e75529. Santonja M, and Pà ©rez-Gonzlez A. 2010. Mid-Pleistocene Acheulean industrial complex in the Iberian Peninsula. Quaternary International 223–224:154-161. Sharon G, and Barsky D. 2016. The emergence of the Acheulian in Europe – A look from the east. Quaternary International 411, Part B:25-33. Torre, Ignacio de la. The Transition to the Acheulean in East Africa: an Assessment of Paradigms and Evidence from Olduvai Gorge (Tanzania). Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory, Rafael Mora, Volume 21, Issue 4, May 2, 2013.